Penicillins Penicillin G

There is only one choice for the antibiotic production process the synthesis of benzyl-penicillin (penicillin G, originally known as penicillin ). This, the most renowned antibiotic and the first one have been manufactured in bulk, is still universally prescribed.5 Although originally made by surface liquid culture, penicillin G is now produced by air-lift fermentation under aerated conditions. 

To our knowledge only one work has been reported on the use of a commercial immunochemical test to detect penicillins (penicillin G, penicillin V, ampicillin, cloxacillin, and oxacillin) in several environmental compartments. Thus, Campagnolo et al. [84] measured penicillin using the Charm IIRIA test in water samples proximal to a US farm. The LOD of the technique was 2 pg L L... 

Benzyl penicillin (Penicillin G sodium and potassium salt) 0.5-5 MU IM/IV... 

As indicated in Table 33-2, penicillins can be classified according to their chemical background, spectrum of antibacterial activity, or pharmacokinetic features.56 The naturally occurring penicillins (penicillin G and... 

Synonyms. Crystalline Penicillin G Penicillin Penicillin G. Note. The name benzylpenicillin and its synonyms are commonly used to describe either benzylpenicillin potassium or benzylpenicillin sodium. (6i )-6-(2-Phenylacetamido)penicillanicacid Ci6Hi8N204S = 334.4 CAS—61-33-6... 

Penicillin was the hrst P-lactam and the hrst broad-spectrum antibiotic discovered that started the Golden age (1940-1962) of antibiotics. The stmcture of penicillin contains a thiazolidine ring that is fused to a P-lactam ring. The existence and stability of the P-lactam ring was highly controversial at the time despite the availability of a single crystal X-ray structure of one of the penicillins. Penicillin G (8) was the first penicillin that was clinically used. Penicillin G was converted easily by either chemical or biochemical means to 6-amino-penicillanic acid (9),... 

It is interesting that a number of slightly different penicillins are formed in nature by different strains of the mold. The formula in Table 30-2 represents benzyl penicillin (penicillin G), which is the product that is now manufactured and used. Other naturally occurring penicillins differ from benzyl penicillin only with respect to the part of the molecule that is shown on the left side of the structure. In benzyl penicillin there is indicated a benzyl group, Q.H-,—, in this position. Penicillin K contains the normal heptyl group in this position, the hydrocarbon chain CH3CHXHXH0CH0CH0—. It is not so effective as penicillin G in the treatment of infections. Scores of other penicillins have been made and investigated. 

The P. notatum took up the p-phenyl edtylamine, converted it to P-phenylacetate, which was subsequently attached to the 6-amino group of penidllanic add to give benzyl penicillin (penicillin G). We can represent this process by ... 

Synonyms Aminopenicillins Amoxicillin Amp-icillin Carbenicillin Bacampacillin. Extended spectrum Carbenicillin Mezlocillin, Piperacillins, Ticarcillins. Natural penicillins Penicillin G Penicillin V. Pencillinase-resistant Cloxacillin Di-cloxacillin Methicillin Nafcillin Oxacillin Chemical/Pharmaceutical/Other Class Antibiotic... 

The combination of methods illustrates the eclecticism of the pharmaceutical industry. The use of fermentation in the production of vitamin C and cortisone was mentioned above. In the production of the semi-synthetic penicillins, penicillin G or V is first made by fermentation. It is then cleaved to 6-aminopenicillanic acid by an immobilized enzyme, and a new side chain is added by chemical means. 

Much of the interest in acylases originated from work with the penicillins. Structurally modified penicillins can by obtained by acylation of 6-aminopenicillamic acid. For example, the semisynthetic penicillins such as amoxicillin and ampicillin are obtained using enzymatic acylation. Acylases are used both to remove the phenyl-acetyl group from the major natural penicillin, penicillin G, and to introduce the modified acyl substituent. 

Phenylacetic acid is especially used in the production of benzyl penicillin (penicillin G) by a biotechnical process. 

Production of modified penicillins is based predominantly on penicillin G (semi-synthetic penicillin). Penicillin G is split with carrier-linked acylase enzymes into phenylacetic acid and 6-aminopenicillanic acid examples of enzyme sources for the penicillinacylase are Escherichia coli or Bacillus megaterium. 6-Amino-penicillanic acid may be converted into a large number of highly-effective semisynthetic penicillin antibiotics, such as amoxycillin, by the introduction of suitable side-chains. 

It is interesting that a number of slightly different penicillins are formed in nature by different strains of the mold. The formula in Figure 14-11 represents benzyl penicillin (penicillin G), which is the product that is now manufactured and used. 

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