Penicillin G, aqueous potassium

Penicillin G, Aqueous (Potassium or Sodium) (Pfizerpen, Pentids) Penicillin G Benzathine (Bicillin)... 

Parenteral preparations with antimicrobial activity, which depends on the causative pathogenic microorganism, and pharmacokinetic properties that meet most of these criteria include procaine penicillin G (aqueous suspension), amoxicillin trihydrate-clavulanate potassium combination (aqueous suspension), and enro-floxacin (solution). Enrofloxacin is not approved for use... 

Table 7.5 also lists the coefficients obtained in the IL-based ATPS for proteins and short-chain linear alcohols [14]. The protein coefficients are two orders of magnitude higher than those obtained in the classical PEG 1000-K2HP04-water ATPS. The short-chain alcohols, a homologous series, have coefficients about one order of magnitude higher than their coefficient. The partitioning of Penicillin G was recently studied in the same ATPS and similar results were obtained (Table 7.5) [15]. These results indicate that the IL-rich phase of the [C4CiIm]Cl-K2HP04-acetonitrile-water system has a polarity much lower than the octanol phase of the reference system and also much lower than the PEG aqueous phase obtained with classical ATPS made with PEG 1000 and the same potassium hydrogeno phosphate salt [10,13,16].

With the differential pulse polarography [245], the antibiotics can be determined at low concentration, if necessary, at the ppm or even sub-ppm level. Tetracycline hydrochloride is determined in aqueous acetate buffer pH 4 (detection limit 0.1 ppm), but for the analysis of chlortetracycline hydrochloride, oxytetracycline hydrochloride and free tetracycline, a non-aqueous medium must be used. Streptomycin sulphate is analysed in alkaline solution, trace quantities of zinc being masked by Na2EDTA, and the detection limit is 1 ppm. A determination in blood serum or urine is also possible but the peak potentials are shifted here to more negative values. The polarographic determination is preceded by ultrafiltration. Penicillin G potassium and ampicillin must be first functionalised by nitrosation. The authors also recommend an analysis of mixtures which is however demonstrated only with chloramphenicol and tetracycline, at 2.4 and 4.2 ppm, respectively. 

Com steep solution, which is a by-product from the recovery of starch from maize, is generally used as the fermentation substrate. In addition, other sources of carbon, in the form of lactose, glucose, saccharose, oils and fats, can be added to the fermentation medium. In the production of penicillin G, phenylacetic acid is added during the fermentation as potassium salt in neutral aqueous solution. 

Pazuki G, Vossoughi M, Taghikhani V (2010) Partitioning of penicillin G acylase in aqueous two-phase systems of poly (ethylene glycol) 20,000 or 35,000 and potassium dihydrogen phosphate or sodium citrate. J Chem Eng Data 55 243-248... 

Approximately 1,000 g of phenoxymethylpenicillin acid (Penicillin V) is dissolved directly in about 5 liters of ethyl acetate to a concentration of 20% w/v. The resulting solution is filtered to remove any insoluble salts. The penicillin V acid (1,000 g) may also be obtained by extracting an aqueous solution of 1,110 g of the potassium salt of phenoxymethylpenicillin at a temperature of about 5°C, this solution being adjusted to pH 2-3 by the addition of 6 N sulfuric acid, twice with a total of 5 liters of ethyl acetate so that the final washed combined volume will have a concentration of about 20% w/v. The abovementioned ethyl acetate solution having a volume of about 5 liters is then dried with anhydrous Na2S04 and filtered to obtain a clear ethyl acetate solution of phenoxymethylpenicillin acid. 

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