Penicillin aminopenicillins

Penicillins, aminopenicillins amoxiciiiin trihydrate ampiciiiin ampiciiiin sodium bacampiciiiin hydrochioride pivampiciiiin... 

EXTENDED-SPECTRUM PENICILLINS (AMINOPENICILLINS, CARBOXYPENICILLINS, AND UREIDOPENICILLINS)... 

Primarily gram-positive organisms such as streptococcal species, enterococcus, penicillin-susceptible pneumococci. Treponema pallidum. Compared with penicillin, aminopenicillins have greater gram-negative activity including H. influenzae (non-beta-lactamase producing). 

Aminopenicillins amoxicillin a-mox-i-sil -in amoxicillin and clavulanate acid a-mox-i-sil -in/ klah-view-lan -ate Amoxil, Trimox, Wymox, generic Augmentin Same as penicillin G Same as penicillin G... 

The answer is a. (Hardman, pp 1084-1085J Amoxicillin is classified as an aminopenicillin along with ampicillin. Because it is less affected than ampicillin by the presence of food, it has a superior absorption in the GI tract. It is sensitive to penicillinase and has a narrow spectrum of activity toward certain Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, but not Pseudomonas. Because it is in the penicillin family, hypersensitivity reactions are a possibility... 

Tolerances for these compounds are generally O-.Ol ppm except for penicillin G in cattle (.05 ppm) and cephapirin in edible tissue (0.1 ppm) and milk (.02 ppm) (70). Many chromatographic methods have been described for determination of these compounds in clinical applications, but these methods are not sufficiently sensitive for residue analysis. The summary of methods in Table II includes one GLC (71), five TLC (72-76), and five HPLC methods (77-81). Four of the TLC methods use detection by bioautography. Three HPLC methods have been described for milk (77-79) and two for tissue (80,81). The HPLC methods described by Moats C7 ,80) and by Munns et al (77) are satisfactory for any penicillin with a neutral side-chain and this may be true with the procedure of Terada, et al. (81). The procedure of Terada and Sakabe (79) is also satisfactory for the aminopenicillin, amplclllin. The method of Munns et al (77) can also be used to detect the corresponding penicilloic acid metabolites. 

The antimicrobial spectrum of aminopenicillins is similar to penicillin G, with the exception that they also act on a number of Gram-negative microorganisms. Both aminopenicillins are destroyed by staphylococcus penicillinase. 

Clavulanic acid and sulbactam An addition of beta-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavu-lanic acid (32.1.1.35) and sulbactam (32.1.1.36) to penicillins or to aminopenicillins of a broad spectrum of action significantly expands their antimicrobial spectrum. 

Chemical Class Penicillin derivative, aminopenicillin Clinical Pharmacology ... 

Fluorometric detection has been mainly employed for the determination of aminopenicillins such as amoxicillin and ampicillin in edible animal products because it confers the advantages of selectivity and sensitivity. Fluorometric detection of penicillins, however, necessitates their precolumn derivatization to produce the corresponding fluorescent derivatives. The most commonly used derivatizing reagents are formaldehyde (100, 117, 118), salicylaldehyde (83), and mercury dichloride (91). 4-Bromomethyl-7-methoxycoumarin has also been employed as a fluorescence label for the selective and sensitive detection of seven penicillins in milk (96). 

Bamberg, P. Ekstrom, B. Sjoberg, B. Semisynthetic penicillins VII. The use of phenacyl 6-aminopenicillinates in penicillin synthesis. Aeta Chem. Scand. 1967, 21, 2210-2214. 

In a multiphase membrane reactor, the conversion of benzylpenicillin to 6-aminopenidllinic acid is performed. The type of microstructured reactor used is a fermentation reactor which contains the enzyme penicillin acylase immobilized on the wall of a hollow-fiber tube. The hollow-fiber tube extracts 6-aminopenicillinic acid at the same time selectively. Benzylpenicillin is converted at the outer wall of the hollow fiber into the desired product, which passes into the sweep stream inside the fiber where it can be purified, e.g. by ion exchange. The non-converted benzylpenicillin is recycled back through the reactor [84],... 

Occurs with all beta-lactams more often with aminopenicillins, penicillinase-resistant penicillins, and anti-Pseudomonas penicillins Occurs with all beta-lactams probably more often with piperacillin -i-tazobactam and aztreonam... 

Clinical experience with penicillins, especially penicillin G and the aminopenicillins, is extensive. These substances are rarely toxic, even when they are given in an extended range of dosages, making them invaluable for use in pregnant women and children. Their major limitation is their propensity to cause allergic reactions. 

Mechanisms of non-immediate reactions are unclear but may be immunological and non-immunological. Delayed reactions of the IgE type are known (131). Aminopenicillins seem to be an important cause of non-immediate reactions (132-134). The morbilliform rash that begins 1-10 days after amoxicillin can be caused by a delayed cell-mediated immune reaction (135) as can fixed drug eruptions (136,137), toxic epidermal necrolysis (138-140), bullous erythroderma (141), and contact eczema (142). Investigation of these disorders should include delayed readings of skin tests (135). In patients with chronic urticaria, penicillin allergy was demonstrated by cutaneous tests. 

Gamboa P, Jauregui I, Urrutia I. Occnpational sensitization to aminopenicillins with oral tolerance to penicillin V. Contact Dermatitis 1995 32(l) 48-9. 

Penicillin G (benzylpenicillin) 23 Aminopenicillins amoxicillin and ampicillin 24 Extended-spectrum penicillins 25 Cephalosporins 25 Imipenem 28... 

The drug interactions and adverse effects of the aminopenicillins are the same as for penicillin G. Ampicillin trihydrate may cause i.m. injection site reactions in horses mild to moderate heat, pain and/or swelling. 

Synonyms Aminopenicillins Amoxicillin Amp-icillin Carbenicillin Bacampacillin. Extended spectrum Carbenicillin Mezlocillin, Piperacillins, Ticarcillins. Natural penicillins Penicillin G Penicillin V. Pencillinase-resistant Cloxacillin Di-cloxacillin Methicillin Nafcillin Oxacillin Chemical/Pharmaceutical/Other Class Antibiotic... 

Penicillins are a group of p-lactam antibiotics sharing the same 6-aminopenicillinic add (6-APA) nucleus (Figure 8.1). Cephalosporins, on the other hand, share a... 

Aminopenicillins Septicemia gynecologic infections respiratory, QU and Gl tract infections, soft tissue, bone and joint infections o Extended-spectrum penicillins Hard to treat gram-negative... 

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