Aminopenicillins

Aminopenicillins amoxicillin a-mox-i-sil -in amoxicillin and clavulanate acid a-mox-i-sil -in/ klah-view-lan -ate Amoxil, Trimox, Wymox, generic Augmentin Same as penicillin G Same as penicillin G... 

A thorough discussion of the mechanisms of absorption is provided in Chapter 4. Water-soluble vitamins (B2, B12, and C) and other nutrients (e.g., monosaccharides, amino acids) are absorbed by specialized mechanisms. With the exception of a number of antimetabolites used in cancer chemotherapy, L-dopa, and certain antibiotics (e.g., aminopenicillins, aminoceph-alosporins), virtually all drugs are absorbed in humans by a passive diffusion mechanism. Passive diffusion indicates that the transfer of a compound from an aqueous phase through a membrane may be described by physicochemical laws and by the properties of the membrane. The membrane itself is passive in that it does not partake in the transfer process but acts as a simple barrier to diffusion. The driving force for diffusion across the membrane is the concentration gradient (more correctly, the activity gradient) of the compound across that membrane. This mechanism of... 

In a recent study, the bacterial populations contaminating the upper gut in SIBO patients and their antibiotic susceptibility were determined. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cefoxitin were effective against >90% of anaerobic strains, while aminopenicillins, cephalosporins and cotrimoxazole were effective against the microaerophilic population. Erythromycin, clindamycin and rifampicin were ineffective. Data on metronidazole and fluoroquinolones are not available [32]. 

The answer is a. (Hardman, pp 1084-1085J Amoxicillin is classified as an aminopenicillin along with ampicillin. Because it is less affected than ampicillin by the presence of food, it has a superior absorption in the GI tract. It is sensitive to penicillinase and has a narrow spectrum of activity toward certain Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, but not Pseudomonas. Because it is in the penicillin family, hypersensitivity reactions are a possibility... 

Fig. 5.15. The oligomer formation of a-aminopenicillins involves the intermolecular attack by the a-amino group on the /3-lactam ring [117]...

Waste water treatment is accompanied by bacterial community rearrangements which may lead to changes (increases or decreases) of the percentages of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in the final effluent when compared with the raw inflow. Additionally, sewage treatment offers privileged conditions to favour antibiotic resistance acquisition and/or selection (see Sect. 3). Although some authors reported significant decreases of resistance to aminopenicillins (presumptive Acinetobacter and Enterobacteriaceae), cephaloporins (Acinetobacter) and... 

Tolerances for these compounds are generally O-.Ol ppm except for penicillin G in cattle (.05 ppm) and cephapirin in edible tissue (0.1 ppm) and milk (.02 ppm) (70). Many chromatographic methods have been described for determination of these compounds in clinical applications, but these methods are not sufficiently sensitive for residue analysis. The summary of methods in Table II includes one GLC (71), five TLC (72-76), and five HPLC methods (77-81). Four of the TLC methods use detection by bioautography. Three HPLC methods have been described for milk (77-79) and two for tissue (80,81). The HPLC methods described by Moats C7 ,80) and by Munns et al (77) are satisfactory for any penicillin with a neutral side-chain and this may be true with the procedure of Terada, et al. (81). The procedure of Terada and Sakabe (79) is also satisfactory for the aminopenicillin, amplclllin. The method of Munns et al (77) can also be used to detect the corresponding penicilloic acid metabolites. 

The antimicrobial spectrum of aminopenicillins is similar to penicillin G, with the exception that they also act on a number of Gram-negative microorganisms. Both aminopenicillins are destroyed by staphylococcus penicillinase. 

Clavulanic acid and sulbactam An addition of beta-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavu-lanic acid (32.1.1.35) and sulbactam (32.1.1.36) to penicillins or to aminopenicillins of a broad spectrum of action significantly expands their antimicrobial spectrum. 

In combination with beta-lactamase inhibitors, like e.g. clavulanic acid, the aminopenicillins can be effective also against beta-lactamase-producing organisms. 

Chemical Class Penicillin derivative, aminopenicillin Clinical Pharmacology ... 

In some cases particular processes are espeeially important because of the value of the products produced and also the amounts of enzyme used, i.e. from both the enzyme producer and user standpoints. Therefore the examples on fructose syrups and 6-aminopenicillinic acid have been expanded to include much information on the business and technical strategies employed, and detailed proeess economic aspects respectively. Many other examples of biocatalysis-based commercial processes and products also exist with many others undergoing development. These other products also exhibit the same important technical and commercial features that are identified for the case studies in this chapter. 

Penicillins, aminopenicillins amoxiciiiin trihydrate ampiciiiin ampiciiiin sodium bacampiciiiin hydrochioride pivampiciiiin... 

EXTENDED-SPECTRUM PENICILLINS (AMINOPENICILLINS, CARBOXYPENICILLINS, AND UREIDOPENICILLINS)... 

Antisera to cloxacillin/oxacillin/dicloxacillin and cefuroxime were also produced by similar procedures and successfully utilized in methods for the detection of these antibiotics in milk (34). Unfortunately, a number of other -lactams including aminopenicillins and some cephalosporins were not amenable to this mixed anhydride procedure. Thus, a carrier protein derivatization procedure was used to allow cross-linking of cephalosporins, such as cephataxime that has an acetoxy side chain, to ovalbumin. Because acetoxy groups react readily with the heterocyclic nitrogen atoms, the latter were introduced into ovalbumin through the carbodiimide-mediated derivatization of protein carboxyl groups with amino-methylpyridine (34). 

ACN extn, precolumn derivatization with mercury dichloride (for fluorometric determination of aminopenicillins), liq-liq partn... 

Fluorometric detection has been mainly employed for the determination of aminopenicillins such as amoxicillin and ampicillin in edible animal products because it confers the advantages of selectivity and sensitivity. Fluorometric detection of penicillins, however, necessitates their precolumn derivatization to produce the corresponding fluorescent derivatives. The most commonly used derivatizing reagents are formaldehyde (100, 117, 118), salicylaldehyde (83), and mercury dichloride (91). 4-Bromomethyl-7-methoxycoumarin has also been employed as a fluorescence label for the selective and sensitive detection of seven penicillins in milk (96). 

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