Penetration and distribution

The effects of ultrasound upon the permeability of the cell walls of the gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa toward hydrophobic compounds particularly antibiotics have been examined [8]. The penetration and distribution of 16-dosylstearic acid (16-DS) in the cell membranes of the bacteria was quantified by a spin-labeling electron spin resonance (ESR) method. The results indicated that the intracellular concentration of 16- D S was higher in insonated cells and increased linearly with the sonication power. 

Grams, Y. Y. and Bouwstra, J. A., Penetration and distribution of three lipophilic probes in vitro in human skin focusing on the hair follicle. J. Control. Release, 83, 253-62, 2002. 

The concept of alpha and beta rotameric forms of DA is covered in the section on rigidification. A summary of some recent findings in this area together with details of the X-ray structure of 6,7-ADTN has also been published by the present author (15). In connection with the above topic our group has published quantitative details of the penetration and distribution of DA agonists into the CNS as well as the effect of COMT inactivation (16, 17,... 

Traber, M.G. etal., Penetration and distribution of alpha-tocopherol, alpha- or gamma-tocotrienols applied individually onto murine skin, Lipids, 33, 87, 1998. 

Snodgrass HL. 1983. Phase 1. Dermal penetration and distribution of 14C-labeled paranitrophenol (PNP). Study no. 75-51-0047-84. United States Army, Environmental Hygiene Agency, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. 

Ahmed, H. and Gardiner, B.G., Penetration of malathion into locusts, Pestic. Sci., 1,217,1970. Benezet, H.J. and Forgash, A.J., Penetration and distribution of topically applied malathion in the house fly, /. Econ. EntomoL, 65, 53,1972. 

Vallet, V., Cruz, C., Licausi, J., Bazire, A., Lallement, G., Boudry, I. (2008). Percutaneous penetration and distribution of VX using in vitro pig or human excised skin validation of deme-ton-S-methyl as adequate simulant for VX skin permeation investigations. Toxicology 246 73-82. 

Temperature distribution thermocouples in the heat penetration and distribution test studies for three (3) consecutive runs must be within 5°C of the set point temperature during the dwell period. 

The most important characteristic of effective poison gases (using the term with reservation) is that they must penetrate and distribute themselves quickly toward their objective. In this respect, they resemble perfumes. The reservoir of knowledge on which any nation mnst draw in the event of war is its industries of synthetic perfume. Few poison gases are actually lethal poisons. [Ibid., p. 237]... 

Photolysis of toxic organics in wetland soil is limited. Determining the rate of photolysis on wetland soil surfaces requires an estimate of depth of light penetration and distribution of xenobi-otic concentration in the surface soil. Light is more than 90% attenuated within 0.2 mm soil surface. As a result, the rate of direct photolysis of organic compounds in wetland soil is substantially lower in relation to that of photolysis in surface water. 

Brain, K.R., Brain, S., Green, D.M., Walters, K.A., Watkinson, A.C., Alcasey, S., Blackburn, K., Brock, W, Burdick, J., Davis, D., Dressier, W, Driedger, A., Fung, W, Gettings, S., Mann, S., Re, T, and Rios-Blanco, M. (2002). Penetration and distribution of diethanolamine through human skin in vitro after application from cosmetic vehicles under in-use conditions, in K.R. Brain and K.A. Walters (eds.). Perspectives in Percutaneous Penetration, Vol. 8a, Cardiff, U.K. STS Publishing, p. 101. 

Cross, S.E., Megwa, S.A., Benson, H.A.E., and Roberts, M.S., Self promotion of deep tissue penetration and distribution of methylsalicylate after topical application, Pharm. Res.,... 

Thus, the effect of the added OH group on intrinsic potency, penetration, and distribution, has yet to be sorted out. A theoretical study of this effect is carried out here through the analysis of the comparative proton affinity in solution and the comparative molecule-solvent interaction of the compounds with and without the OH group. 

In the studies in vitro, lymphocytes are exposed to doses of chemicals higher than those used normally in the intact organism. Furthermore, the in vivo effect of a chemical depends on its penetration and distribution in the body and can be modified by metabolic degradation and by the rate of excretion. Therefore, compounds mutagenic in vitro must not necessarily be so in vivo, and the hazard to man can be properly evaluated only on the basis of experiments on living mammals. 

The mechanism by which surfactants facilitate cuticle penetration is uncertain. A number of studies involving the use of radiolabeled surfactants have helped to clarify their possible role. Penetration and distribution studies with [ CJ-Tween 20, and [ CJ-Tween showed very limited foliar... 

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