Penetrating ability

Dihexyl sulfosuccinate is used to improve the wetting and spreading characteristics of water-soluble pesticide sprays. In liquid fertilizers, insecticides, and fungicides, dioctyl sulfosuccinate will increase their penetrating ability. 

X-rays span three decades in wavelength, frequency, and energy. From about 0.12 to 12 keV they are classified as soft x-rays, and from 12 to 120 keV as hard x-rays, due to their penetrating abilities. X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation, and as such, they can be dangerous to living organisms. 

These are aromatic substances. Niu Huang is cold and She Xiang is warm. They have a dispersing and penetrating ability, and as they move quickly, they can effectively open up blockage. They are often used in the formula to treat the heat type of locked-up syndrome. 

Bing Pian is pungent, cold and aromatic. It has a dispersing and penetrating ability, can quickly promote Qi movement and open the obstruction of the orifice. It is often used in formulas to treat... 

A variety of radioactive isotopes is available having gamma rays diller-ing in penetrating ability, and with half-lives varying from a few minutes to many years. Radioactive iodine with an 8 day half-life and radioactive bromine with a l -day half-life were used for most tests. Radiation from these isotopes passes easily through the walls of pipe found in the oil field. 

Combinations of newer nonoxidizing products (good biocidal potency but expensive) with some older materials (good penetrating ability and relatively low cost) may prove effective. Also, certain combinations of oxidizing biocides with nonoxidizers may prove suitable under many conditions. 

Many cellular materials absorb ultraviolet light, leading to DNA damage and consequently to cell death. Wavelengths around 265 nm have the highest bactericidal efficiency. However, ultraviolet rays have very little ability to penetrate matter. Therefore, their use is limited to the reduction of microbial population in a room where sterility needs to be maintained, such as hospital operating rooms or clean chambers in a laboratory. X-rays are lethal to microorganisms and have penetration ability. However, they are impractical as sterilization tools due to their expense and safety concerns. 

The extent to which a product can be shared really depends on the scale of the economics involved and the relative sizes of the parties. This will also reflect the culture of the companies which will also depend on the portfolio and their sales penetration abilities. Even a large multinational will have greater or lesser strengths across the world and could choose to partner a product for one geographical regional market or another to maximize their return through the best utilization of their resources. Individual subsidiaries nevertheless have to... 

Radiation is very harmful in high doses. On the other hand understanding the nature of the different types of radiations, their penetration abilities and ionization power allows us to use radioactive substances safely. 

Depending on their affinity and penetrating ability, some cationic softeners when used in the dyebath act like cationic retarders and contribute to 5rei. Thus, less cationic retarder is required. 

This chapter is not an exhaustive list of all chemicals with skin-penetrating abilities. Consequently, any exclusion of a chemical from this list does not necessarily imply an inability for percutaneous absorption. When in doubt, the user should check the chemical label, material safety data sheet, manufacture date, and other details to achieve chemical safety (Table 16-1). 

Due to several factors that have been discussed, using neutron techniques for transportable systems for the detection of explosives and other contraband remains only a goal at this time. The attraction of using neutrons lies in both their penetrating ability and the ability to use them to detect elemental composition. These properties are unique to neutron-based systems and have led to continued interest in their use, and multiple systems have been investigated as can be seen in Table 1 [44], At the present time, the use of neutron techniques as a complement to other inspection methods appears to be the most likely near-term mode of operation. 

These cartridges consist of small steel darts loaded into shot shells and rifle cartridges and are used by the military. They contain either single or multiple loads. A flechette with a sabot (Steyr Acr) has been developed and is claimed to have good penetrative ability and formidable wounding characteristics. 

A further difference between isotope gamma rays and electrons is penetrating ability. As charged particles, electrons have short ranges in matter. Fig. 3 shows energy deposition curves for water irradiated with electrons of various energies. 

Alpha particles are positively charged with a mass of 4 amu (atomic mass units, 1amu=1/12th.of carbon atom). They are, then, the nuclei of Helium atoms. These particles are the slowest moving and the most massive of the three types of radioactivity. As such, they have the least penetrating ability through matter. A sheet of paper will stop their movement. 

This radiation release often accompanies the release of alpha or beta particles because of the high energy arrangement left in the nucleus after the release of alpha or beta particles. Gamma radiation has the greatest penetrating ability. Concrete, 6 inches thick, is needed to stop gamma radiation. 

The formation and stoichiometry of the polymer complex between nucleic acid analogs are affected by two important factors. The first is the base-base distance in the polymer chain, represented as xA and yA in Fig. 17. This distance is one factor in intramolecular base-base interactions in the polymer chain, which also influences what can be called the penetration ability of the polymer. 

A second factor is the nature of the polymer backbone its flexibility, steric regularity, electric charge, and branching. This factor also reflects the compatibility and penetration ability of the polymer and the stability of the complex. A polynucleotide has a flexible, sterically regular and negatively charged polymer backbone, whereas that of a vinyl polymer obtained by free-radical polymerization is probably less flexible, sterically inhomogeneous and neutral. 

Although interactions between the linear graft polymers have been observed, interactions between the branched polymers, A-br-PEI/T-br-PEI, have not. This can be explained by the low compatibility and penetration ability of the branched polymers. Interactions between the branched polymer and the polynucleotide have, however, been detected. The stoichiometry of thecomplex shows that the value of the branched polymer is always high which may be due to the branched structure. In spite of this structure, the complex formation ability with polynucleotide is high. 

The stability and stoichiometry of the complex between polymers containing nucleic add bases are affected by the compatibility of the different base-base distances in the polymers, and also by the mutual penetration ability between the main chains. In the polyMAOA-polyMAOT system, for example, intramolecular base-base distances in each polymer are compatible and these polymers are able to penetrate each other38, Poly-L-lysine derivatives and vinyl polymers are apparently incompatible. This situation alone would lead to unstable complex formation where the overall stoichiometry would not be simple and thus could not reflect the stoichiometry on the binding site. 

Since polyMAEA and low molecular weight PLL-T are not compatible as is the case with polyMAOA, the difference in the tendency for forming the complex may be caused by the various penetration abilities of the polymers. 

Monomeric compounds may have a high penetration ability with respect to the polymer molecule, but the stability of the monomer-polymer complex is very weak38, though it is well stabilized by electrostatic effects. 

It can thus be concluded that both the mutual penetration ability and the compatibility of base-base distances of the polymers are substantial for the formation of the stable polymer complexes by specific base pairing. 

The penetrating ability of the radiation. The particles and rays produced in radioactive processes vary in their abilities to penetrate human tissue y rays are highly penetrating /3 particles can penetrate about 1 cm and a particles are stopped by the skin. 

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