Passive polymer

Although the literature on electrodeposited electroactive and passivating polymers is vast, surprisingly few studies exist on the solid-state electrical properties of such films, with a focus on systems derived from phenolic monomers, - and apparently none exist on the use of such films as solid polymer electrolytes. To characterize the nature of ultrathin electrodeposited polymers as dielectrics and electrolytes, solid-state electrical measurements are made by electrodeposition of pofy(phenylene oxide) and related polymers onto planar ITO or Au substrates and then using a two-electrode configuration with a soft ohmic contact as the top electrode (see Figure 27). Both dc and ac measurements are taken to determine the electrical and ionic conductivities and the breakdown voltage of the film. 

Another approach to low loss coupling makes use of the production of vertical waveguide transitions (to be discussed later with respect to packaging [65, 272-278]). Essentially, a section of high index electro-optic waveguide is fabricated on top of a very low loss passive polymer waveguide [65,273,275]. The op-... 

The concept of connectivity is discussed in Section 2.7.4 and in [4]. There are 10 different ways of connecting the phases in a two-phase composite, each described by two numbers, the first defining (in the present context) how the active ceramic phase is connected and the second how the passive polymer phase... 

In the second method a passive polymer is used that can react with an initial metal complex after only one ligand is lost (in our systems it is the CO group). Such polymers [e.g., PS (polystyrene), PB (polybutadiene), styrene-butadiene copolymers, etc.] being gradually added to the solution of the inert solvent of the initial complex at the proper temperature leads to the ligand separation, an anion complex bounding with the passive polymer followed by its thermal decomposition. 

Ionic complexes of polyelectrolytes and charged azobenzenes have optical response of the azobenzene, although influenced by the polymer matrix, as discussed earlier. The repeated E-Z isomerization is considered as a primer condition for the light-induced mass transport. Peculiar to the latter is the fact that the process is not more a local light-induced event but implies a translational motion of chromophores (Fig. 2.1). Moreover, the mass is transported only if the chromophores involve the passive polymer chains in their translation. This explains the high efficiency of SRG formation in functionalized polymers (Natansohn and Rochon, 2002 Viswanathan et al., 1999), why the covalent bonding has been considered as a necessary condition for the effective light-induced mass transport (Oliveira et al., 2005 Zucolotto et al., 2003 Fiorini et al., 2000 Viswanathan et al., 1999 ), and why the extremely effective SRG formation in the materials with ionic-bounded azobenzene (Kulikovska et al., 2007 Stumpe... 

Fig. 12 SEM images of the composed etching profiles (a), (b) patterns realized by anisotropic silicon etching, deposition of passivation polymer layer, and isotropie...

Oh, M.C., C. Zhang, H.J. Lee, W.H. Steier, and H.R. Fetterman. 2002. Low-loss intercoimection between electrooptic and passive polymer waveguides with a vertical taper. IEEE PhotTech Lett 14 1121-1123. 

Usui, M., Hikita, M., Watanabe, T., Amano, M., Sugawara, S., Hayashida, S., and Imamura, S., Low-loss passive polymer optical waveguides with high environmental stability, J. Lightwave Technol., 14, 2338-2343 (1996). 

For etch and fill, we once again begin by depositing metal onto a substrate for the ground plane. A 5-/xm passive polymer cladding layer is spin cast over the metal... 

FIGURE 15 Schematic of a passive zero-gap directional coupler with an NLO polymer interaction region and passive polymer input/output channels [35]. 

FIGURE 16 Beam propagation model of passive zero-gap directional coupler using NLO and passive polymers with matching indices. 

Fabrication of 3D Microfiuidic Structures, Rgure 12 SEM images of the composed etching profiles (a), (b) patterns realized by anisotropic silicon etching, deposition of passivation polymer layer and isotropic silicon etching (c), (d) patterns etched like (a) and (b), passivation with polymer and additional S13N4 layer (5). (With permission from Elsevier)... 

When the voltammetric behavior of an acid solution of diacetone acrylamide was cammed by steady state potentiostatic technique, no formation of passivating polymer films onto a Fe microcathode could be tested since the current-potential curves obtained in the presence of monomer do not differ from those typical for the medium. Figure 5 conversdy shows that at a Zn microcatlmde a remarkable inhibition for the reduction of the solvent takes place on addition of diacetone acrylamide. Following this preliminaiy experiment, tl coating of Zn sheet cathodes was systematically studied to determine the influence of the reaction variables and to explain the features of the process. 

The reduction curve of ZnCl2 is almost crxnidetely suppressed by the additicHi of acrylamide since not passivating polymer film b formed on the cathode, the shift d the curve towards mc e negative potentials may be con ered typical of a process wdiereby an easily reducible ion is comfdexed to form a less reducible qiedes. 

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