Particulate matter index

Lab grade hematite (Fe203) and copper sulfate (anhydrous and hydrated) were mounted on slides and used as controls to compare to mineral deposits that might have been found adhering to foe fibers. Rabbit hair and milkweed that had been colored with an aqueous hematite solution and with an aqueous copper sulfate (blue vitriol) solution were also used for comparison. Fibers removed from each simulated material were mounted in water (Refractive Index (Rl) of 1.0), and in Permount (Fisher Scientific) (RI of 1.55). The collected particulate matter and fibers removed from foe yam samples were similarly mounted and examined using optical microscopy. 

Silt is formed by suspended particulates of all types that accumulate on the membrane surface. Typical sources of silt are organic colloids, iron corrosion products, precipitated iron hydroxide, algae, and fine particulate matter. A good predictor of the likelihood of a particular feed water to produce fouling by silt is the silt density index (SDI) of the feed water. The SDI, an empirical measurement (ASTM Standard D-4189-82,1987), is the time required to filter a fixed volume of... 

At this point it should be remarked that multivariate regression with latent variables is a useful tool for describing the relationship between complex processes and/or features in the environment. A specific example is the prediction of the relationship between the hydrocarbon profile in samples of airborne particulate matter and other variables, e.g. extractable organic material, carbon preference index of the n-alkane homologous series, and particularly mutagenicity. The predictive power was between 68% and 81% [ARMANINO et al., 1993]. VONG [1993] describes a similar example in which the method of PLS regression was used to compare rainwater data with different emission source profiles. 

PM2 5 PM10 PMA PMC PNA Pour point Particulate matter less than 2.5 ptm and 10 jam in diameter. Polymetacrylate viscosity index improver or viscosity modifier. Pensky-Martin closed cup-flash point test. Polynuclear aromatic. Measure of lubricant low-temperature flow which is 3°C above the temperature at which a normally liquid petroleum product maintains fluidity. Oil forms a honeycomb or crystals at low... 

When characterizing particulate matter of unknown composition, it is necessary to assume a value for the index of refraction to infer the diameter from a measured intensity ratio. This causes inherent uncertainties in any reported size distribution unless all particles are of a known and uniform composition. In the case of automobile exhaust particles, the composition is certainly unknown and would probably include some combination of carbon particles and lead halides condensed on nuclei. Figure 1 is indicative of expected variations from such a spread of particle compositions. In the range of low a, the characteristic curve for nonabsorbing particles oscillates around an average value which is approximately the n = 1.57 — 0.56i data. Thus the intensity ratio curve for the absorbing soot is a convenient one to assume as the calibration standard for automobile exhaust particulates. Here this assumption results in a maximum error of approximately 30% when measuring particles of unknown composition. 

The material structure of the particulate matter determines its complex index of refraction, which is considered to be the most fundamental property. The real part of the complex refractive index is the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to that within the particle for light at normal incidence. In this case, the imaginary part, which is also termed the attenuation, extinction, or absorption index, is directly related to the rate of attenuation of radiation with depth within the material. For other than normal incidence, the relations between the complex index of refraction, speed of light, and attenuation within the particle are complicated and require rigorous solution of the electromagnetic (EM) wave equations (i.e., Maxwell s equations) within the medium of interest with appropriate boundary conditions. 

Airborne particulate matter Emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and ammonia contribute to airborne particulate matter and associated health effects http //w w w.epa. gov/air/ urbanair/pm/index.html... 

Atmospheric environment is evaluated mainly through the level of air quality and average concentration of inhalable particulate matters, and the data can be collected from the website (http //www. bjee.org.cn/cn/index.php). Table 6 is the monitoring data at December 2008. The level I, II, III, IV, V represents the scores of 100, 80, 60, 40, 20. 

Besides the wind effect, precipitation also affects the PMio concentration as the rainwater washes out part of the particulate matters from the atmosphere. Therefore, the exponential term containing the daily rainfall index r , which is defined as the product of the daily rainfall... 

Refractive index 1.5716 + 0.0005 at 20 C Purity Greater than 98.0% by gc analysis Particulate matter Filtered through a 0.5 micron filter Residue Less than 10 mg/1... 

British suspended particulate sampler In recent years the old British standard method has been super-ceded by European directives such as EN12341 Air Quality - Field test procedure to demonstrate reference equivalence of sampling methods for the PMIO fraction of particulate matter. The determination of smaller size fractions (PM2.5) is also covered by a further directive. The US EPA have similar standard reference methods for particulate material (USEPA 40 CFR part 50). An early method was to simply compare the color of a filter paper through which a volume of air was drawn to an incremental gray scale (16 shades from white to black) this was then converted into an integrated particle loading with reference to the size cut-off offered by the pore size of the filter used. This was known as the black smoke index method. 

Air Quality Index (AQI) Numerical index used for reporting severity of air pollution levels to the public. The AQI incorporates five criteria pollutants — ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide —into a single index, which is used for weather reporting and public advisories. 

In applying the PEEP index concept to sets of industrial effluents thus far, wastewater samples have been filtered prior to bio-analysis (see Section 5.1). Hence, only their soluble toxicity potential is taken into consideration. This is certainly a drawback at this time as toxic and genotoxic potential linked to suspended matter of some industrial plant effluents, for example, have been shown to be important (White et ah, 1996 Pardos and Blaise, 1999). Particulate toxicity in effluent samples should certainly be addressed in future PEEP applications, as soon as reliable small-scale toxicity tests are developed and available to estimate it. Indeed, the issue of soluble and particulate toxicity is especially relevant in relation to technology-based reduction of hazardous liquid emissions. 

Vostokov SV, Lisitsyn BE, Konovalov BV, Soloviev DM, Gagarin VI (2002) Mesoscale variability of chlorophyll a concentration, particulate organic matter content and spectral index of light absorption by phytoplankton in the upper layer of northeastern part of the Black Sea. In Zatsepin AG, Flint MV (eds) Multi-disciplinary investigations of the northeastern part of the Black Sea. Nauka, Moscow, p 235 (in Russian)... 

---