Reporter size

For the purpose of calibration and particle size calculations, it was decided to confirm the reported particle sizes of the various latices supplied by Dow and Polysciences, using scanning electron microscopy. Unfortunately, after subtracting the thickness of the gold layer with which the particles were coated from the size shown on the micrographs, some inconsistencies were noted with respect to the measured sizes of the particles and their elution behaviour. It was therefore decided to assume the reported sizes as true values with the exception of the 5T nm particle. 

This reported size is probably overestimated simple effective mass approximation used in its estimation. 

The dimensions of bone crystallites can be as small as 96 10 A, with the order of magnitude even a factor of two or three smaller56. The mean size of the apatite crystals in dentine and cementum is of the same order as that found in bone. Enamel crystals, however, are at least an order of magnitude larger in all dimensions. There appears to be good agreement that the smallest dimension of the bone apatite crystal is about 50 A. On the other hand, there is a discrepancy in the reported size of the... 

The upper size limit of the larger sized population is 1000/x. This is based on review of the size/frequency data for close-in, early-time fallout collections. All reported size-frequency curves were dropping vertically between 800 and 1000/a. 

Since these fine particles typically contain much higher concentrations of many trace elements, their collection may significantly bias the reported size distributions of these elements towards large particles. 

For particulate materials with high real indices, the reported size depends less on the complex component (7). Also, as the size of particles increases, the total scattering phenomenon simplifies to Fraunhofer diffraction, and becomes a very weak function of refractive index. 

The Cyt b-f complex contains the redox components Cyt /, Cyt 6-563 and the Rieske Fe-S protein, which in spinach have been identified as polypeptides of 33, 23 and 20 kDa respectively [95,98]. The spinach complex contains in addition a polypeptide of 17 kDa with no known redox function. The reported sizes of these polypeptides estimated by SDS-gel electrophoresis vary somewhat between different laboratories, presumably beca.use of slightly different electrophoretic procedures. The estimated size of the Cyt / polypeptide varies between different plants, even when analysed in the same electrophoresis system, although the gene sequences predict polypeptides of very similar relative molecular mass. 

When characterizing particulate matter of unknown composition, it is necessary to assume a value for the index of refraction to infer the diameter from a measured intensity ratio. This causes inherent uncertainties in any reported size distribution unless all particles are of a known and uniform composition. In the case of automobile exhaust particles, the composition is certainly unknown and would probably include some combination of carbon particles and lead halides condensed on nuclei. Figure 1 is indicative of expected variations from such a spread of particle compositions. In the range of low a, the characteristic curve for nonabsorbing particles oscillates around an average value which is approximately the n = 1.57 — 0.56i data. Thus the intensity ratio curve for the absorbing soot is a convenient one to assume as the calibration standard for automobile exhaust particulates. Here this assumption results in a maximum error of approximately 30% when measuring particles of unknown composition. 

Unnecessary for reporting size of value, but do reflect degree of uncertainty. 

While this method is commonly used (De Nobih and Fornasier (1994), Kiichler et al. (1994), Mazid (1988), BeUn et al. (1993), Shaw et al (1994), Burba et al (1998), Buffle et al (1978), Crum et al (1996), Aiken (1984), Amy et al (1987), Reinhard (1984), Amy et al (1992), Hepplewhite (1995)), most authors have used different filtration protocols for their fractionation experiments. Cells can be operated in series (cascade) or in parallel, volumes and concentrations are varied, and some authors refill the cell with pure water to keep the cell concentration constant. All these factors influence the results obtained, and solution chemistry, pH, and ionic strength may also influence results. Generally reported size results are above the expected sizes of FA and FIA. UF MWCOs used are usually 0.5-1, 3, 5, 10, 30 kDa. 

Successful hydrothermal diamond synthesis was carried out in autoclaves filled with a specially prepared carbon enriched water solution , the composition of which was not disclosed [15,45,46]. The carbon precursor should be fine-grained diamond, vitreous carbon or emulsion of crude oil and water [29]. The presence of free radical catalysts was mentioned and paragenetic crystallization of quartz needles and diamond indicate the presence of silicon [45]. The synthesis was described as a sol/gel colloidal process working in the range 200-600°C and 100-200 MPa. Healing and joining of diamond crystals was reported. After 21 days at 400°C and 170 MPa, thin colorless films of polycrystalline diamond were obtained on (111) surfaces of seed crystals (Fig. 3c). With a reported size of 15-40 pm, these are the largest diamond crystals from hydrothermal experiments. 

A very recent paper by Shekhar et al. [190] reported size- and support-dependent activity of model Au catalysts in WGS reaction. The reaction rate per total mole of Au varies with the number average Au particle diameter (d) as d-2-2 o.2 AU/AI2O3 and as for Au/TiOj catalysts (Figure 9.16). 

The image of a two-dimensional irregular shaped object can be reduced to a dimension of size by an array of methods. The choice of method will influence the final reported size distribution and varies from unit to unit. It is therefore necessary to report the method chosen if confusion of results from different machines is to be avoided. 

There is a considerable variation in the reported sizes of the poly(A) tracts within picomavirus RNAs, the published size estimates ranging from 15 to 1 50 nucleotides. However, recent work has suggested that the sizes of the poly(A) tracts are in fact relatively uniform throughout the picomavirus group (50, 50, 56). 

Secheresse reported size-controlled formation of silver nanparticles (43) by direct bonding of ruthenium complex 42 and silver nanoparticles. Oxazole 42 was formed by the reaction of diketone 40 and aldehydes 41 under the influence of NH4OAC. These metallic nanoparticles may find applications in DNA sequencing, catalysis, optics, nanoscale electronics and antimicrocrobials. ... 

Table 8.1 Previously reported transformations and the maximum reported size of subcircuit to which they are applied...

Recently a review asking the need for accuracy in reporting size parameters for pol)meric nanoparticles has been published.Although this review focused on polymeric nanoparticles, the same holds true for the lipid nanoparticles field. For accurate presentation of particle size data, all parameters (instrument, measurement principle, assumptions, calculation mode etc.) should be given and the limitations of the methods need to be considered. 

In order to address each LCD on the panel, amorphous silicon thin film transistors have been used >, which are made by a conventional lithographic procedure. Although the latest reported size is only 12.5 cm (5 inch), it is a promising development in a field where the cathode ray tube has enjoyed a monopoly position since the introduction of television. 

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