Particle configuration process

The traditional apparatus of statistical physics employed to construct models of physico-chemical processes is the method of calculating the partition function [17,19,26]. The alternative method of correlation functions or distribution functions [75] is more flexible. It is now the main method in the theory of the condensed state both for solid and liquid phases [76,77]. This method has also found an application for lattice systems [78,79]. A new variant of the method of correlation functions - the cluster approach was treated in the book [80]. The cluster approach provides a procedure for the self-consistent calculation of the complete set of probabilities of particle configurations on a cluster being considered. This makes it possible to take account of the local inhomogeneities of a lattice in the equilibrium and non-equilibrium states of a system of interacting particles. In this section the kinetic equations for wide atomic-molecular processes within the gas-solid systems were constructed. 

Gas antisolvent processes can be performed in a semicontinuous mode. In this case the solution and the antisolvent are continuously introduced in the system until the desired amount of the product is formed. The introduction of the solution is then stopped and the DG flux extracts the residual solvent from the system. The system is then depressurized to enable collection of the product. The solution is generally introduced through an atomization nozzle that favors the prompt expansion of the solution and the formation of small particles. Different process configurations have been utilized, i.e., co- and countercurrent introduction of the solution and antisolvent fluxes and various nozzles have been designed. The process is referred to by different acronyms such as ASES (aerosol solvent extraction system), SAS (supercritical antisolvent), SEDS (solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids), PCA (precipitation with a compressed fluid antisolvent), GASR (gas antisolvent recrystallization), GASP (gas antisolvent precipitation). 

At the center of the edifice of any theory of resonances in the continuous spectrum of a many-particle Hamiltonian, regardless of what type of process produces their excitation, is the concept of transient wavefunction localization in the N-particle configuration space, which takes place as the reaction proceeds from the stationary states (reactants) at f = - oo to the stationary states (products) at f = oo. 

On the other hand, a proper theoretical interpretation of experimental results for ajhe < 5 would require a true three-dimensional modeling of particle deposition process with appropriate expressions for the many-body electrostatic interactions. An attempt in this direction was undertaken by Oberholzer et al. [196], who considered the true three-dimensional transport in a force field stemming fi om adsorbed particles and the interface. Because the authors still used the LSA approach (generaUzed for the two particle/interface configuration as previously mentioned), the deviation fi om the two-dimensional RSA simulations with respect to was found to be not too significant. 

The solid wear particles from ZDDP films produced in lubricated contacts contain phosphorus, sulfur and zinc from the ZDDP molecule and oxygen mainly from the surrounding air environment. They also have a low iron content. Ex situ examination by XAS, EELS and CEMS of these particles (configuration shown in Fig. 5a) has been carried out to provide local analysis of the iron atoms, since their localized environment in the surface film is of great interest it is related directly to the wear of the steel surface and can also play a key role in the adhesion mechanisms of the film. In order to investigate this aspect, a study was made by XAS (EXAFS plus XANES) of a collection of wear debris from two lubricated tests, with and without ZDDP in the lubricant base, respectively. The processed EXAFS data presented in Fig. 8 show the RDFs of iron atoms (noncorrected phase shifts) in four samples data from the standards, pure crystalline iron and iron oxide have been included for comparison. From this EXAFS study, some important results can be deduced [4] ... 

In the sheet-forming process, stainless steel, bronze, nickel-base alloys, or titanium powders are mixed with a thermosetting plastic and presintered to polymerize the plastic. Sintering takes place in wide, shallow trays. The specified porosity is achieved by selecting the proper particle size of the powder. Sheet is available in a variety of thicknesses between 16 x 30 mm and as much as 60 x 150 cm. A sheet can be sheared, roUed, and welded into different configurations. 

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