Atomic and molecular processes

Nikitin E E 1974 Theory of Elementary Atomic and Molecular Processes In Gases (Qxford Ciarendon)... 

Reactive atomic and molecular encounters at collision energies ranging from thermal to several kiloelectron volts (keV) are, at the fundamental level, described by the dynamics of the participating electrons and nuclei moving under the influence of their mutual interactions. Solutions of the time-dependent Schrodinger equation describe the details of such dynamics. The representation of such solutions provide the pictures that aid our understanding of atomic and molecular processes. 

The electiomagnetic spectmm is conventionally divided into several energy regions characterized by the different experimental techniques employed and the various nuclear, atomic, and molecular processes that can be studied these are summarized in Table 1. 

The F + H2 — HF + FI reaction is one of the most studied chemical reactions in science, and interest in this reaction dates back to the discovery of the chemical laser.79 In the early 1970s, a collinear quantum scattering treatment of the reaction predicted the existence of isolated resonances.80 Subsequent theoretical investigations, using various dynamical approximations on several different potential energy surfaces (PESs), essentially all confirmed this prediction. The term resonance in this context refers to a transient metastable species produced as the reaction occurs. Transient intermediates are well known in many kinds of atomic and molecular processes, as well as in nuclear and particle physics.81 What makes reactive resonances unique is that they are not necessarily associated with trapping... 

Electromagnetic radiation has its origins in atomic and molecular processes. Experiments demonstrating reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference phenomena show that the radiation has wave-like characteristics, while its emission and absorption are better explained in terms of a particulate or quantum nature. Although its properties and behaviour can be expressed mathematically, the exact nature of the radiation remains unknown. 

McCarthy, I. E. Stelbovics, A. T. In Theoretical Methods for Ionization in Atomic and Molecular Processes in Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion McDowell, M. R. C. Ferendeci, A. M., Eds. Plenum New York, 1980. 

R. H. Garstang, in Forbidden Transitions in Atomic and Molecular Processes, D. R. Bates, Ed. Academic Press, New York, 1962, p. 1. 

Physical chemistry, as a separate subdiscipline of chemistry, grew out of the application of the methods of physics to chemical problems. Historically, it distinguished itself from the other subdisciplines of chemistry by its use of mathematics, by the precision with which measurements are performed, and by the emphasis on atomic and molecular processes under examination (/). At the same time as the discipline was developing, a reform of the teaching of chemistry was needed as a discussion of the systematic behavior of reactions was desired to prepare students to deal with the new ways in which material was being discussed. 

V. S. Letokhov, Appl. Phys. B 46, 237 (1988) F. P. Schafer, Appl. Phys. B 46, 199(1988) A. D. Bandrauk, Ed., Atomic and Molecular Processes with Short intense Laser Pulses,... 

As described in the main text of this section, the states of systems which undergo radiationless transitions are basically the same as the resonant scattering states described above. The terminology resonant scattering state is usually reserved for the case where a true continuum is involved. If the density of states in one of the zero-order subsystems is very large, but finite, the system is often said to be in a compound state. We show in the body of this section that the general theory of quantum mechanics leads to the conclusion that there is a set of features common to the compound states (or resonant scattering states) of a wide class of systems. In particular, the shapes of many resonances are very nearly the same, and the rates of decay of many different kinds of metastable states are of the same functional form. It is the ubiquity of these features in many atomic and molecular processes that we emphasize in this review. 

Y. Hahn, Electron-ion recombination processes in plasmas, in R. Janev (Ed.), Atomic and Molecular Processes in Fusion Edge Plasmas, Plenum Publications Corp., New York, 1995, p. 91. 

P.G. Burke, K.A. Berrington, Atomic and Molecular Processes An R-matrix Approach, Institute of Physics, Bristol, 1993. 

The present state of the theories of atomic and molecular processes in condensed phases is characterized by great non-uniformity of its development. Matters are much problematic in the theory of the kinetics of processes at a molecular level. The kinetics of surface processes mainly employs models taking no account of the interaction of the adsorbed particles (the law of masses or surface action) [14-16]. This does not reflect the real properties of a gas solid interface. There is also a diversity of models when considering the interaction of the particles because various approximations are used (equilibrium is described with a view to the correlation effects, while kinetics ignores them). The problem of approximations is of a fundamental significance in the theory of condensed systems. Interaction between the particles causes all the particles to be bound to... 

Dickinson, J. T. Doering, D. L. Langford, S. C. In Atomic and Molecular Processing of Electronic and Ceramic Materials Preparation, Characterization, and Properties, Aksay, I. H. et al. Eds. Materials Research Society Pittsburgh, 1988, pp 39-46. 

P. Brumer, M. Shapiro, Coherent Control of Atomic and Molecular Processes (Wiley, New York, 2003)... 

A negative muon can participate in a variety of atomic and molecular processes. A muonic atom is formed when a muon stops in matter replacing an electron. A muonic atom interacting with ordinary atoms or molecules can form a muonic molecule. The latter in turn can result in fusion reactions between the nuclei if the target consists of hydrogen isotopes, a phenomenon known as muon catalyzed fusion (pCF) [6]. 

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