Parenteral preparations administration

One of the main disadvantages of depot parenteral preparations is that administration of these preparations may not be acceptable to the patient. The depot preparation requires a lower dosing frequency when compared with other dosage forms. 

Q23 The use of a suspension as a parenteral preparation is contraindicated when the route of administration is ... 

Parenteral preparations in the form of a suspension cannot be administered through the intravenous route. Preparations intended for administration in this way must be soluble solutions to avoid occlusion of the veins. 

Iron deficiency anemia is treated with oral or parenteral iron preparations. Oral iron corrects the anemia just as rapidly and completely as parenteral iron in most cases if iron absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is normal. An exception is the high requirement for iron of patients with advanced chronic kidney disease who are undergoing hemodialysis and treatment with erythropoietin for these patients, parenteral iron administration is preferred. 

Preservatives In addition to those processing controls mentioned above (Section 3.1.4.3), the sterility of a product may be maintained through the addition of antimicrobial preservatives. Preservation against microbial growth is an important aspect of multidose parenteral preparations as well as other formulations that require preservatives to minimize the risk of patient infection upon administration, such as infusion products [52], Aqueous liquid products are prone to microbial contamination because water in combination with excipients derived from natural sources (e.g., polypeptides, carbohydrates) and proteinaceous active ingredients may serve as excellent media for the growth [57], The major criteria for the selection of an appropriate preservative include efficiency against a wide spectrum of micro-... 

Parenteral preparation for systemic effect the soluble Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate Inj. is used for quick (1-2 h) effect for continuous effect about 8-hourly administration is appropriate. Prednisolone Acetate Inj. i.m. is an alternative, once or twice a week. 

The use of cosolvents in small-volume parenteral preparations is often critical due to the limited volume of solution that can be administered by a single injection. Thus, the required dose of drug must often be incorporated in 1 or 2mL of solution. Table 6 lists parenteral products containing cosolvents. The cosolvents most often used include ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerin, PEG 400, and, sometimes, dimethylacetamide. Other cosolvents, such as DMSO, have been used as solvents for parenteral formulations of experimental anticancer agents however, their use is restricted due to toxicity and potential incompatibilities with plastic administration devices. ... 

Irritation, and hemolysis are primary considerations when choosing a cosolvent for parenteral preparations. Concentration and route of administration are important factors that determine the incidence and severity of local reactions. 

Emulsions are formulated for virtually all the major routes of administration, and there are a number of dermatological, oral and, parenteral preparations available commercially. The internal phase may contain water-soluble drugs, preservatives, and flavoring agents whilst the oil phase may itself be therapeutically active or may act as a carrier for an oil-soluble drug. Such preparations provide an effective approach to... 

For drug preparations that will be used for internal or mucous membrane administration (i.e., parenteral preparations, ophthalmics, creams and salves, etc.), additional testing must be performed to assure that any leachants will not cause biological reactions that may be detrimental to the patient. To do this, a test protocol has been established that screens materials used in containers to test for biological interactions. This protocol should be applied to any plastic container closure systems regardless of the type of container that will directly contact pharmacopeial preparations in storage before they are invasively used. This includes all closure systems for parenteral vials. ... 

The type of dosage form, the route of administration, and site of injection of parenteral preparations depend on the animal species or group of related species (such as ruminant animals or poultry). The greatest differences relate to oral dosage forms and topical preparations. Whether a veterinary dosage form is intended for individual animal treatment or for... 

Ethyl oleate is primarily used as a vehicle in certain parenteral preparations intended for intramuscular administration. It has also been used as a solvent for drugs formulated as biodegradable capsules for subdermal implantation and in the preparation of microemulsions containing cyclosporin. ... 

In another study carried out in fasted ponies, the oral administration of a flunixin meglumine paste (l.lmg/kg) resulted in peak plasma concentrations >2 jLg/ml less than 1 h after administration (Welsh et al 1992). In ponies with free access to hay, the peak plasma concentration decreased to approximately 1.3 j,g/ml and the peak concentration was not reached until 7.6 h after administration (Welsh et al 1992). Nevertheless, the mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) was not significantly different whether the ponies had been fasted or fed. The parenteral preparation of flunixin meglumine can be administered i.m. however, necrotizing soft-tissue infections have been reported following i.m. administration (Kahn Styrt 1997) and so aseptic preparation of the injection site is advisable. 

Methyidopa is used only by oral administration. since its zwittcrionic character limits its solubility. Absorption can range from 8 to 62% and appears to involve an amino acid transporter. Absorption is affected by food, and about 40% of that absorbed is converted to methyIdopa-O-.suliate by the muco.sal intc.stinal cells. Entry into the CNS also appears to involve an active transport process. The ester hydrochloride salt of methyidopa. methyldopate (Aldomet ester), was developed as a highly water-soluble derivative that could be u.scd to make parenteral preparations. Methyldopate is converted to methyidopa in the body through the action of estera.ses (Fig. 16-6). 

The variability associated with drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract can be overcome by using a parenteral preparation (dosage form). It should preferably be administered either by intravenous infusion or slow intravenous injection to avoid circulatory overload. Intraosseous administration is a useful alternative to intravenous injection of some antimicrobial agents (e.g. sodium ampicillin or amoxycillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, gentamicin or amikacin sulphate) in neonatal foals (Fig. 7.1) (Golenz et al, 1994) and puppies (Lavy et al, 1995). This particularly applies when the neonate is in a state of septic shock and/or dehydration. Total plasma protein concentration is an inaccurate index of hydration status unless monitored (repeatedly measured) and interpreted in conjunction with packed cell volume (PCV). 

Huang NN, High RN. Comparison of semm levels following the administration of oral and parenteral preparations of penicillin to infants and children of various age groups. J Pediatr 1953 42 657-668. 

Parenteral preparations are regularly prepared aseptically a short time or immediately prior to administration. Compounds susceptible to hydrolysis or oxidative decomposition in solution are preferentially stored as dry powders, concentrates under an inert atmosphere, or in combination with stabilizers. Concentrates for injections or infusions (European Pharmacopoeia, 2002) are diluted prior to administration, usually with sterilized Water for injection (European Pharmacopoeia, 2002) or sterile, isotonic solutions of sodium chloride, glucose, dextran, or buffer (see Table 14.3). Powders for injections or infusions (European Pharmacopoeia, 2002) are dissolved or suspended in the same media. Vitamins are aseptically added ex tempore to TPN preparations due to poor stability and the risk of precipitation (Hutchinson, 1998), as are trace metals that may influence the stability of the TPN formulation. A limited number of drugs may also be dissolved in the TPN infusion prior to administration (Hutchinson, 1998). 

In the absence of significant hepatocellular disease, the prothrombin activity of the blood rapidly returns to normal. If oral administration is not feasible, a parenteral preparation of vitamin K should be used the usual dose is 10 mg/day. 

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