Parathyroid, adrenal, pituitary

Endocrine Effects. Histopathological examination of endocrine tissues (thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pituitary, pancreas) after intermediate-duration inhalation exposure revealed no treatment-related lesions in male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to 500 ppm n-hexane daily for 6 months, 22 hours a day (IRDC 1981) or in Fischer 344 rats of both sexes exposed to up to 10,000 ppm for 6 hours a day,... 

Adrenal gland weights were not affected in rats treated by gavage with 1,500 mg/kg/day trichloroethylene in com oil for 14 days (Berman et al. 1995). Histopathological changes in endocrine glands (thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenals, pituitary) have not been observed in rats or mice exposed by gavage to trichloroethylene in oil for intermediate or chronic durations (Maltoni et al. 1986 NCI 1976 NIP 1988, 1990). 

No histopathological changes were observed in the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, or pituitary of rats that were exposed to 174 mg/m of octaBDE dust for 8 hours/day for 14 consecutive days (IRDC 1978). 

Hormones are secreted by specialized glands (adrenal, hypothalamus, ovary, pancreas, parathyroid, pineal, pituitary, testes, thyroid) or other tissues (e.g., heart, gut, and kidney), and regulate the cellular activities of distant tissues. Plasma levels of hormones are tightly regulated through homeostatic feedback systems. The peptide and protein hormones typically have short half-lives (minutes), which allow rapid changes in plasma levels and rapid enhancement or attenuation of their biological effects. 

No significant non-neoplastic lesions were observed in the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pituitary gland from male and female Sprague-Dawley rats maintained for 2 years on a diet that supplied 0.001, 0.01, or 0.1 g 2,3,7,8-TCDD/kg/day (Kociba et al. 1978a). Similar results were obtained in male and female Osbome-Mendel rats and in male B6C3F, mice administered up to approximately 0.071 g... 

Endocrine (includes hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, sex hormones) Metabolism... 

MEN-1 Tumors of parathyroid, pancreas, pituitary, and adrenal cortex... 

Endocrine glands are ductless glands that include the pituitary (hypophysis), thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, gonads, and pancreas. Table 21-1 lists endocrine glands, their location, and the hormone(s) secreted by the gland. 

Inhalation studies of commercial octaBDE dust in rats showed no histopathological changes in the thyroids, parathyroids, adrenals, or pituitary following chamber exposure to 174 mg/ m3 as powdered dust for 8 hours/day for 14 consecutive days (Great Lakes Chemical Corporation... 

Other Inflammatory Muscle Disorders Endocrine Myopathies Thyroid Disorders Adrenal Disorders Pituitary Disorders Parathyroid Disorders Pancreatic Disorders Drug-Induced and Toxic Myopathies Management of Muscle Disease... 

Sites of production Adrenal cortex, testes, ovaries, placenta Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pancreas Thyroid gland Adrenal medulla... 

The endocrine effects of the glucocorticoids variously involve the pituitary-adrenal axis, the ovaries and testes, the parathyroid glands, and the thyroid gland. 

Hormone synthesis and release can be initiated by both extrinsic and intrinsic factors.2 Extrinsic factors include various environmental stimuli such as pain, temperature, light, and smell. Intrinsic stimuli include various humoral and neural factors. For instance, release of a hormone can be initiated by other hormones. These occurrences are particularly typical of the anterior pituitary hormones, which are controlled by releasing hormones from the hypothalamus. Hormonal release can be influenced by neural input a primary example is the sympathetic neural control of epinephrine and norepinephrine release from the adrenal medulla. Other intrinsic factors that affect hormone release are the levels of ions and metabolites within the body. For instance, parathyroid hormone release is governed directly by the calcium concentration in the bloodstream, and the release of... 

In the studies of long-term exposure of rats to both triphenyltin hydroxide and bis(tributyltin)oxide, most of the tumors were found in endocrine glands. In addition to the pituitary adenomas associated with bis(tributyltin)oxide and triphenyltin hydroxide, there was also an increased incidence of pheochromocytomas of the adrenal gland, parathyroid carcinomas and pancreatic adenocarcinomas in animals from at least one sex. Triphenyltin hydroxide was associated with an increased incidence of testicular Leydig cell tumors in male rats at the highest dose. Hepatic tumors were found in male and female mice following 80 weeks of triphenyltin hydroxide administration. 

The hypothalamus-pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenals, ovary, and testes are considered to be the principal endocrine glands producing hormones. A more complete list of the major endocrine hormones and their primary gland of origin is shown in Table 9.1. 

Other Systemic Effects. Rats administered up to 140 mg 4-nitrophenol/kg/day by gavage for 13 weeks showed no significant effects on body weight gain, or on the gross or microscopical appearance of the salivary glands, pituitary, thyroid and parathyroid glands, adrenals, pancreas, and urinary bladder (Hazleton 1989). 

Crete hormones and include pituitary gland, pineal 7Z gland, hypothalamus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, c thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and the testes. 

Tissues that produce hormones include the hypothalamus, anterior and posterior pituitary, adrenal cortex and medulla, gonads, thyroid and parathyroid glands, heart, brain, cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and the pancreas. 

A hormone is a messenger that causes tissue, organ, and cellular activities to increase or decrease tissue equal to the amount of the hormones in the blood. Disease and aging cause inappropriate secretion of hormones, resulting in abnormal tissue, organ, and cellular activities. Hormonal therapy is used for hormones produced by the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands and restores hormonal balance by either ... 

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