Paracetamol names

A much wider use was found for two molecules closely related to paracetamol, namely acetanilide and phenacetin. The serendipitous discovery of acetanilide... 

Therapeutic Function Analgesic, antipyretic Chemical Name N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamlde Common Name Paracetamol, Acetylfl-Aminophenol, APAP Structural Formula ... 

Co-codamol is a combination of paracetamol (nonnapioid analgesic) and codeine (opioid analgesic). One of the side-effects of opioids is constipation. Naprosyn is a proprietary (trade name) preparation of the non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug naproxen Adalat is a proprietary preparation of the calcium-channel blocker nifedipine Amoxil is a proprietary preparation of the beta-lactam amoxicillin and Dulco-lax is the brand name of the stimulant laxative bisacodyl. 

In practical situations, drugs may be known by their generic name or their trade name, or by both. In most cases, there is virtually no difference between the two kinds of products except for the way they are packaged and the additives they contain. For example, the popular drug whose generic name is acetaminophen is sold under a number of trade names, including Datril , Excedrin , Liquiprin , Paracetamol, Tempra , and Tylenol . 

Several other cellular target proteins for the reactive metabolite of paracetamol have also been detected and identified, namely, formyl tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, glyceralde-hyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and GSH transferase, all cytosolic proteins. 

A biomimetic MIP recognition material was devised for determination of a paracetamol (also known as acetominphen) pain reliever using a QCM transducer [109]. To this end, MIP was prepared with two different functional monomers, namely VPD and MAA. An EGDMA cross-linker and AIBN initiator were also present in the solution. The thermo-radical polymerization was performed at 60 °C. The resulting MIP powder was dispersed in a PVC matrix and then drop coated onto a quartz resonator. A linear decrease of the resonant frequency change with the increase of the paracetamol concentration ranged from 50 nM to 10 mM at LOD of 50 nM paracetamol. The chemosensor was successfully applied for the paracetamol determination in real samples, such as human serum and urine. 

Therapeutic Function Analgesic, Antipyretic Chemical Name N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide Common Name Paracetamol Acetyl-p-aminophenol APAP Chemical Abstracts Registry No. 103-90-2... 

Parimoo et al. [18] established a UV spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous determination of mefenamic acid and paracetamol in combination preparations. The determination was carried out in two different solvents, namely methanol and 0.1 N NaOH. The wavelength maximum for mefenamic acid was found at 284 nm, and 248 nm for paracetamol. The wavelength maximum for mefenamic acid in NaOH was found at 219 nm, and 256 nm for paracetamol. There were no interferences in the analyte estimations. 

This manifold has been used for the USALLE of paracetamol from suppositories [17]. Hydrolysis of the analyte prior to reaction with o-cresol in the alkaline extractant medium was also favoured by US (the entire sample plug was irradiated in EC). Hydrolysis and formation of the reaction product displaced the extraction equilibrium, thus favouring extraction into the aqueous phase. The influence of the variables related to the dynamic manifold (namely, flow rate and sample volume), chemical variables (namely, NaOH and o-cresol concentrations) and temperature was studied using the univariate method on account of their independence on the other hand, those related to US (namely, probe position, radiation amplitude and pulse duration) were the subject of a multivariate study in which the latter two exhibited an insignificant but positive effect. Positioning the probe closest to the extraction coil was found to maximize extraction efficiency. The positive effect of US on extraction and analyte hydrolysis provides the overall enhancement shown in Fig. 6.4A, which shows the results obtained in the presence and absence of US. The time required for the development of the method was significantly shorter than that required by the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) method. In addition, the latter produces emulsions that need about 30 min for phase separation after extraction. 

Intramolecular cyclizations are not restricted to attack by a nucleophilic nitrogen (basic amino or acidic amido group). They can also be catalyzed by a nucleophilic oxygen as found in a carboxylate, phenolic, or alcoholic group. Illustration of the catalytic role of a carboxylate group can be found in hemiester prodrugs of phenol (taken as model compound) or paracetamol (Fig. 6 R = H or NHCOCH3, respectively). In addition to enzymatic hydrolysis, three mechanisms of chemical hydrolysis were seen, namely, acid-catalyzed, base-catalyzed, and an intramolecular nucleophilic attack. 

Acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, paracetamol) is an analgesic marketed under a variety of brand names including Tylenol , Calpol , and Panadol . Preparation of the API is described in U.S. 2,998,450 (to Warner Lambert). U.S. 4,474,985 (to Monsanto) describes a process for improving product quality and shelf life. U.S. 5,856,575 (to Council of Scientific Industrial Research) describes an alternative process. Estimate the cost of production by each route. 

If a medicinal product appears on this list, then it cannot be prescribed on an NHS prescription form (and therefore should not be dispensed). Many of the items on this list are proprietary items, for example, Calpol Infant Suspension. However, so long as the generic name for the items does not also appear on the list, the item may be prescribed generically. Therefore, in this example, Calpol Infant Suspension could be supplied against a prescription for paracetamol suspension 120 mg/5 mL, although the reimbursement to the pharmacy would not take into account that a more expensive proprietary brand had been supplied. 

FIGURE 43.2 Various common names for one substance, example paracetamol. 

In order to avoid citation of difficult chemical names, generic names came into being. However, in the beginning different names were independently assigned to the same substance in different countries. For example, not everybody would know that acetaminophen, 7V-(4-hydroxyphe-nyl)acetamide, 4 -hydroxyacetanilide, p-acetamidophenol, A -acetyl-p-aminophenol, acetomenophen and paracetamol are the same substance (see Fig. 41.2). 

Many preparative methods have since been described for the synthesis of paracetamol, mostly emplo3ring the acetylation ofpara-aminophenol with acetic anhydride as indicated above. However, a number of other routes of synthesis have also been discovered and used commercially, namely ... 

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