Paper value chains

This effect can be compared to the gas consumption of a car requiring more gas per 100 km being run at a higher average speed. Selective papers address the specifics of variable raw material consumption e.g. in the case of fuel consumption of container ships (Jetlund et al. 2004, p. 1271). Hence, the problem to balance raw material consumption and volatile raw material costs with sales quantities and prices has to be solved in value chain planning. 

W. Bemhart, Roland Berger Strategy Consultants GmbH, The Lithium-Ion Battery Value Chain, Study paper, Munich/Tokyo/Seoul/Shanghai, 2012. 

P G is working with converters and end users. This aspect of the value chain includes conversion of the formulated resins into initial forms, like films, fibers or molded articles, as well as secondary conversion into nonwovens, laminated packages and papers. End users then use these to make or package consumer or industrial produets, like diapers, hamburgers or computers. Finally, the produets are used and then eventually disposed of in one of several ways (eomposting, landfill, digestion, incineration) where the biocycle is completed. 

And diis meant that die chain could turn corners only at die alpha carbons.. .. I creased die paper in parallel creases dirough the alpha carbon atoms,. so that I could bend it and make die bonds to the alpha carbons, along die chain, have tetrahedral value. And then I looked to see if I could form hydrogen bonds from one part of the chain to the next. He. saw diat if he folded die. strip like a chain of paper dolls into a helix, and if he got die pitch of the screw right, hydrogen bonds could be shown to form,... 

In Eqs. (27) and (28), p is the contribution of the substrate water molecules, p that of the adsorbate polar head, and p that of the hydrophobic moiety of the adsorbed molecules. Consistently, 8i, 82, and 83 are the effective local permittivities of the free surface of water and of the regions in the vicinity of the polar head and of the hydrophobic group, respectively. The models have been used in a number of papers on adsorbed monolayers and on short-chain substances soluble in water. " Vogel and Mobius have presented a similar but more simplified approach in which p is split into two components only. " Recently some improvements to the analysis using Eq. (27) have been proposed. " An alternative approach suggesting the possibility of finding the values of the orientation angle of the adsorbate molecules instead of local permittivities has been also proposed.""... 

For n-alkanes, n-alcohols, 1-chloroalkanes, n-ethers, and chloroethenes, the carbon chain length influences the reactivity, and the clear linear correlations indicate that the attack mechanism of these pollutants by OH or Cl radicals occurs via the same pathway. However, such correlations do not hold true for aromatics, ketones, and aldehydes, for reasons discussed in our previous paper [3]. We also estimated missing values of kci by analogy for ethylbenzene, we take kci = 1.5e-10 cm molecule S, greater than that for m-xylene, but smaller than the 2.0e-10 cm molecule- s-i value for very reactive compoxmds. Also we estimate a similar value for butyraldehyde kci = le-10 cm molecule- s-, only 10% larger than kci of acetaldehyde to remain consistent with the equivalent koH value. 

In a previous paper (15) the segment density of PVA adsorbed on PS latex in water was presented and it was noted that H Cgans was at the extremity of the s.a.n.s. profile. Calculating <5 assuming a value of a of 0.5 nm gives 13 nm in contrast to the experimental value of 18 nm. The discrepancy here is much smaller than in the case of PE0. This effect is difficult to interpret without further theoretical work but may be attributable to the fact that the PVA chain is less flexible than PEO and that the block structure (PVA is a random block copolymer of vinyl acetate. 12%, and vinyl alcohol) makes the formation of tails less likely. 

Since, however, we have disproved the chemical interpretation in terms of ions proposed by these authors we can conclude that the values for the rate constants and for the corresponding activation energies do not refer to cationic but to pseudocationic polymerisations. This distinction is most fundamental not only because of its chemical significance, but also because the two chain carriers, i.e., the carbonium ions and the ester molecules, exhibit a vast difference in activity, the former giving reaction rate constants several powers of ten higher than the latter [2], The true cationic polymerisation of styrene will receive our attention in a later paper of this series. 

PVA is used in the treatment of textiles and paper. PVA also acts as the starting material for the synthesis of a number of poly(vinyl acetals) with the general structure as given in Equation 6.66. The acetal rings on these random amorphous polymer chains restrict flexibility and increase the heat deflection temperature to a value higher than that of PVAc. 

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