Paper surface chemistry

H. M. Scholberg, "Surface Chemistry of Fluorocarbons and Their Dedvatives," m. Abstracts of Papers, 116th Meeting, Am. Chem. Soc. Atlantic City, N.J., Sept. 1949, p. 36K. 

Apart from manifold structures, carbons can have various shapes, forms, and textures, including powders with different particle size distributions, foams, whiskers, foils, felts, papers, fibers [76, 77], spherical particles [76] such as mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB s) [78], etc. Comprehensive overviews are given, for example in [67, 71, 72], Further information on the synthesis and structures of carbonaceous materials can be found in [67, 70, 72, 75, 79]. Details of the surface composition and surface chemistry of carbons are reviewed in Chapter II, Sec. 8, and in Chapter III, Sec. 6, of this handbook. Some aspects of surface chemistry of lithiated carbons will also be discussed in Sec. 5.2.2.3. 

The Surface Chemistry of Paper and the Paper-Making System... 

Chemistry is involved at every stage of the process, including the chemistry of inorganic pigments and organic resins, colloid and surface chemistry, as well as elements of environmental and analytical chemistry. The Chemistry of Paper provides an informative and entertaining overview of the chemical principles involved. It will be especially suitable to students and others who require an introduction to the chemistry of paper manufacture. 

This paper is devoted to the sorption of uranyl, which exhibits a complex aqueous and surface chemistry. We review briefly the sorption behaviour of An in the environment, and illustrate the variety of environmental processes using published data of uranyl sorption in the Ban-gombe natural reactor zone. After summarizing the general findings of the mechanisms of An sorption, we then focus particularly on the current knowledge of the mechanisms of uranyl sorption. A major area of research is the influence of the aqueous uranyl speciation on the uranyl surface species. Spectroscopic data of U(VI) sorbed onto silica and alumina minerals are examined and used to discuss the role of aqueous uranyl polynuclear species, U02(0H)2 colloids and uranyl-carbonate complexes. The influence of the mineral surface properties on the mechanisms of sorption is also discussed. 

Some of recent papers by Ratner et al. [63, 64] revealed that there are significant differences in the surface chemistry of Biomer lots. The surface of some lots was dominated by poly(diisopropylaminoethyl methacrylate) (DPAEMA or DIPAM), a high molecular weight UV stabilizer, which was absent from some older lots [65]. Ratner et al. carried out comparative studies on in vitro enzymatic and oxidative degradation of two lots of Biomer, BSU 001 and BSP 067. Lot BSU 001 contains both DPAEMA and an antioxidant, Santowhite powder, while BSP 067 contains only the antioxidant. It was found that DPAEMA retarded the enzymatic degradation process, but accelerated oxidative degradation. 

Propellant chemistry includes examples from many fields of chemistry—e.g., polymer chemistry, surface chemistry, thermochemistry, and catalysis. References (3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 19, 20, 23, 24, 26) to several standard works that discuss the theory related to these disciplines are included in the Literature Cited. It is assumed that the reader has some acquaintance with these works, and individual references have not been attempted. Likewise, individual propellant formulations have not been given. Selection of a formulation for a particular application depends on the ballistic and physical property requirements, and the technology regarding the selection of a formulation is not the purpose of this paper. This task should be performed by scientists experienced in the technology. 

In the present paper the chemistry of plutonium is reviewed, with particular reference to the ambient conditions likely to be encountered in natural waters. In addition, experimental work is presented concerning the effects of such variables as pH, plutonium concentration, ionic strength, and the presence of complexing agents on the particle size distributions of aqueous plutonium. In subsequent papers it will be shown that these variables, as they influence the particle size distribution of the aqueous plutonium, greatly affect its interaction with mineral surfaces. The orientation of these studies is the understanding of the likely behavior and fate of plutonium in environmental waters, particularly as related to its interaction with suspended and bottom sediments. 

A dsorption is normally thought of as the process by which a molecule or atom in a fluid is attached to a solid surface, and it is implied that the molecule (or atom) is in the same location as the site. Kinetics of such processes is concerned with force fields between sites and molecules and forms an important area of surface chemistry. However, in this paper both a wider and more restricted view will be taken of adsorption kinetics in that emphasis will be put on the so-called physical processes that must accompany adsorption, if the overall process is to continue. In particular the kind of kinetics discussed will be that necessary to explain the performance of, or to design an apparatus for, separating or removing components in a fluid stream. 

Some of these techniques using electrons and photons as probes of the surface chemistry have been described in this symposium by other authors. In this paper methods of surface analyses using beams of ions will be described. Emphasis is placed on ion scattering spectrometry (ISS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Examples are shown for adhesive bonding applications including determination of locus of failure, contamination, cleaning and thermal and chemical pretreatments. 

The studies reviewed In this paper have produced data on the surface chemistry and vacuum behavior of a variety of technological materials, Including the effects of hydrogen discharge cleaning on structural metals such as stainless steel... 

Based on a symposium jointly sponsored by the Divisions of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Petroleum Chemistry, and Paper and Textile Chemistry at the 182nd Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New York, New York, August 23-28, 1981. ... 

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