Palmitoleic acid, structure

Palmitic acid, structure of, 1062 Palmitoleic acid, structure of, 1062 PAM resin, solid-phase peptide synthesis and, 1037 Para (m), 519 Paraffin, 91 Parallel synthesis, 586 Parent peak (mass spectrum), 410 Partial charge, 36 Pasteur, Louis, 297, 307... 

Figure 23-1. Structure of some unsaturated fatty acids. Although the carbon atoms in the molecules are conventionally numbered—ie, numbered from the carboxyl terminal—the co numbers (eg, co7 in palmitoleic acid) are calculated from the reverse end (the methyl terminal) of the molecules. The information in parentheses shows, for instance, that a-linolenic acid contains double bonds starting at the third carbon from the methyl terminal, has 18 carbons and 3 double bonds, and has these double bonds at the 9th, 12th, and 15th carbons from the carboxyl terminal. (Asterisks Classified as "essential fatty acids.")...

Li HY, Poulos TL. The structure of the cytochrome p450BM-3 haem domain complexed with the fatty acid substrate, palmitoleic acid. Nat Struct Biol 1997 4 140-146. 

Based on the postulated common metabolic pathway involved in DOD and TOD formation by PR3, it was assumed that palmitoleic acid containing a singular C9 cis double bond (a common structural property shared by oleic and ricinoleic acids), could be utilized by PR3 to produce hydroxy fatty acid. Bae et al. (2007) reported that palmitoleic acid could be utilized as a substrate for the production of hydroxy fatty acid by PR3. Structural analysis of the major product produced from palmitoleic acid by PR3 confirmed that strain PR3 could introduce two hydroxyl groups on carbon 7 and 9 with shifted migration of 9-cis double bond into 8-tram configuration, resulting in the formation of 7,10-dihydroxy-8( )-hexadecenoic acid (DHD) (Fig. 31.3).The time course study of DHD production showed that DHD formation was time-dependently increased, and peaked at 72 h after the addition of palmitoleic acid as substrate. However, production yield of DHD (23%) from palmitoleic acid was relatively low when compared to that of DOD (70%) from oleic acid (Hou and Bagby, 1991). 

Li, H. Y., and Poulos, T. L., 1997, The structure of the cytochrome P450 BM3 haem domain complexed with fatty acid substrate palmitoleic acid. Nature Struct. Biol. 4 1406146. 

Figure 13 The active-site structure of P450bm-3 with palmitoleic acid bound to the substrate pocket. The fatty acid substrate extends along the substrate access channel to the surface of the protein. The side chains lining the channel are also shown...

Draw the structural formula for palmitoleic acid. Solution The I.U.P.A.C. name of palmitoleic acid is ds-9-hexadecenoic acid. The name tells us that this is a 16-carbon fatty acid having a carbon-to-carbon Continued— ... 

What functional group is common to all saponifiable lipids 8.4 Classify the following as saponifiable or nonsaponifiable lipids 8.14 Ehaw the structure of a triglyceride that contains one myristic acid, one palmitoleic acid, and one Unoleic acid. Identify the ester bonds. 

Figure 12.1 The crystal structure of the P450BM3 monooxygenase domain with palmitoleic acid bound (adapted from pdb ISMJ) heme and palmitoleic acid in black.

Palmitoleic acid is a fatty acid with the following condensed structural formula ... 

Lipids are essential components in the diet and nutritionists should be more active in arguing the positive aspects of these molecules. They are required in their own right and also for the important minor components such as carotenoids, tocols, and sterols which accompany the oils and fats. The first chapter in the book is an overview of the development of functional foods and this is followed by chapters devoted to materials which are either lipids or are compounds that are fat-soluble and co-occur with oils and fats. These include carotenoids, tocopherols, phytosterols, omega-3 (n-3) oils, diacylglycerols, structured lipids, sesame oil, rice bran oil, and oils or preparations containing palmitoleic acid, y-linolenic acid, stearidonic acid, or conjugated linoleic acid. These topics will be of interest to those who produce lipids and those who seek to incorporate them into appropriate foods, and this book is directed primarily to these two groups. 

FIGURE 3.2 Chemical structures of the unsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid (2), palmitoleic acid (3) linoleic acid (4), a-hnolenic acid (5), eicosapentaenoic acid (6), and docosahexaenoic acid (7). 

Chemically, PUFAs are fatty acids containing two or more methylene-interrupted double bonds in their structure. The configuration of the double bonds in many naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids is Z. These compounds are also referred to as cw-fatty acids or all-cA fatty acids. PUFAs containing E-configured double bonds also occur naturally. These so-called trans-fmy acids have been isolated from bovine fat and the milk of cow, goat, and ewe [15], There are four families of PUFAs, namely, the (0-9, (0-7, (0-6, and (0-3 PUFAs. Oleic acid (2) is the precursor for the (0-9 family, and palmitoleic acid (3) is the precursor... 

To improve the separation of the derivatives of fatty acids with the same effective carbon number, e.g., palmitoleic (C16 1), linoleic (18 2), andmyristic (C14 0), Baty et al. (33) reported the preparation of the anthrylmethyl esters derivatives of several fatty acids (with 9-hydroxy-methylanthracene and the catalyst 2-bromo-l-methylpyridinium iodide (BMPI)) with a view to analysis by HPLC and LC-MS (with gradient elution on a ZORBAK 5-/zm Cl8 column) (see Chemical Structure 1). The excess reagents were evaporated under nitrogen at 50°C, and the de-rivatized acids were taken up in 1 ml of mobile phase prior to chromatography. This method did not allow the resolution of the C16 1, 08 2, and C14 0 esters, although HPLC data obtained for the other acids correlated well with that obtained by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. 

Fig. 1. Structures of (a) a saturated fatty acid (palmitate, C16 0) (b) a mono-unsaturated fatty acid with the double bond in the cis configuration (palmitoleate, C16 1) (c) a mono-unsaturated fatty acid with the double bond in the trans configuration (C18 1) and (d) a polyunsaturated fatty acid (linoleate, C18 2).

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