Pain pathophysiology effects

The trials described so far have commonly shown a lack of usefulness of NKi receptor antagonists in the treatment of pain. But we do not know whether the failure of the selected compounds is a matter of pharmacodynamics (e.g. poor penetration of the blood brain barrier) or a genuine discrepancy between animal and human pain pathophysiology (Urban and Fox, 2000). Hence, animal tests should carefully be chosen whether they are predictive or not, and it would be helpful if a wider range of conditions could be examined (Hill, 2000a). Therefore, new preclinical analysis methods should be developed for a more effective judgement of likely clinical outcomes. 

In broad terms, pain can be divided into two categories, acute and chronic, which differ in their aetiology, mechanisms and pathophysiology. Acute pain and its associated responses are provoked by noxious stimulation and/or disease, or by abnormal function of muscle or viscerae which does not involve actual tissue damage. Although acute pain conditions may last for a length of time if not treated effectively, many cases of acute... 

The triptans are considered specific therapies in that they target the pathophysiology underlying migraine.33 They abort headache through beneficial effects on neuronal imbalances.11 Triptans inhibit neurotransmission in the trigeminal complex and activate serotonin lb/Id pathways that modulate nociception in the brain stem. They also decrease the release of vasoactive peptides leading to vascular reactivity and pain.34 Triptans are a welcome addition to the therapeutic armamentarium in that they are available in intranasal, subcutaneous, and oral... 

Measurement of electrical activity in the heart, now known as the electrocardiogram (ECG), was introduced about 75 years ago by Willem Einthoven. The ECG is simple to perform and is the most frequently used, least invasive, and cheapest cardiovascular test. ° It remains the procedure of first choice for evaluation of chest pain, dizziness, or syncope. In its simplest interpretation, the ECG characterizes rhythms and conduction abnormalities. However, the ECG also provides, by inference, information about the anatomy and structures of the heart, pathophysiologic changes, and hemodynamics of the CVD system. ECG abnormalities are often the earliest sign of adverse drug effects, ischemia, and electolyte abnormalities. 

The so-called histamine headache, which is clinically characterized by a transient, most unilateral, throbbing pain lasting a few hours at the most, is accounted for either by an excessive production of histamine or by hypersensitivity to histamine produced by the body. It is generally combined with facial flush and sensations of heat, sometimes, with epiphora, conjunctivitis, and swelling of the nasal mucous membranes. It can also be induced by intravenous injections of histamine. In some cases histamine desensitization is effective therapy. Pathophysiologically, histamine causes an increase in the cerebrospinal fluid and intraocular pressures. (1768) histamine headache is assumed to be due to the effect of a rise in blood pressure on the carotid arteries which are still atonic following the primary fall in pressure produced by the drug. 

The methanolic extracts of different parts of W. somnifera exhibit therapeutic potential against various types of cardiovascular problems and are also effective against hyperlipidemia, obesity [56], aging, and copper-induced pathophysiological conditions [57]. This plant is reputed to promote vitality during recovery from chronic illnesses [58] and is also useful for the pain management in arthritic conditions [59]. 

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