PAHs, abbreviations

Figure 4. Plots of -log k0 versus AE eloc/ for diol epoxides. Rates were measured at 25 °C in 1 9 dioxaneit O, ionic strength 0.1 (NaClO ). The numbers following the PAH abbreviation, if given, designate the position of the epoxide ring. If no abbreviation is used, the diol epoxide is at a bay region. (Adapted from Refs. 25 and 30.)...

PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, (rarely used as abbreviation for polyaluminum hydroxide)... 

Abbreviations PAH = polyaromatic hydrocarbon, TCDD = Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, PCB = polychlorinated biphenyl, PBB = polybrominated biphenyl, TBTO = tributyltin oxide, DBTO = dibutyltin oxide, TPT = triphenyltin. 

The ACS Style Guide recommends that authors spell out most terms in titles (except for common abbreviations, e.g., NMR, DNA, and UV). Some journals allow a few additional terms to be used in titles without definition (e.g., FTIR, PCBs, GC/MS, and PAHs). In the following examples, NMR, GC/MS, and PCB are not defined PAH is defined in one title but not in two others, and MDAM is defined. 

Other salts of N-methylpyridinium-2-formyl oxime are identified by the abbreviation 2-PAH followed by the common symbols for elemental anions (such as 2-PAM I for the iodide) or the names of organic anions (such as 2-PAM tartrate). Other salts of N.N -trimethyl-ene-bis (4-formylpyridinlum oxime) are identified by appending the designation for the anion to the abbreviation TMB-4. 

List of abbreviations BOD, biological oxygen demand CA, chloroanisol CCA, copper-chromate-arsenate CP, chlorophenol 2,4-D, dichlorophenoxyacetic acid DCP, dichlorophenol CFSTR, continuous-flow stirred tank reactor FBBR, fluidized-bed biofilm reactor MCP, monochlorophenol NAPL, non-aqueous phase liquid PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon PCPP, polychlorinated phenoxyphenol PCDF, polychlorinated dibenzofuran PCDD, polychlorinated dibenzodioxin PCR, polymerase chain reaction PCP, pentachlorophenol PCA, pentachloroanisole TeCP, tetrachlorophenol TeCA, tetrachloroanisole TCC, trichlorocatechol TCP, trichlorophenol TOC, total organic carbon 2,4,5-T, trichlorophenoxyacetic acid UASB, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor VSS, volatile suspended solids. 

Keywords Great Lakes PAHs Sediments Air Sources Photo-enhanced toxicity Abbreviations... 

The abbreviations used are BHA, butylated hydroxyanisole BP, benzo(a)pyrene BPDEI, (+)-7B,8a-dihydroxy-9a,10a-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene BPDEII, (+)-7fl,8a-dihydroxy-9fl,10fl-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene BPDE, BPDEI plus BPDEII DMBA, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a,h)anthracene PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. 

The polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (abbreviated PAHs or PNAs) are composed of two or more fused benzene rings. Fused rings share two carbon atoms and the bond Polynuclear... 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (Sections 9.17, 17.5) An aromatic hydrocarbon containing two or more benzene rings that share carbon-carbon bonds. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are abbreviated as PAHs. 

Abbreviations 2,4,-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4,5-T tiichlorophenoxyacetic acid BTEX benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes PAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Abbreviations used in text AA, arachidonic acid AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor Amt, AhR nuclear translocator BR, bilirubin BV, biliverdin CYP1A1, cytochrome P4501A1 DRE, dioxin responsive element FICZ, 6-formylindolo(3,2b)carbazole HAH, halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon I3C, indole 3-carbinol ICZ, indolo-(3,2,-b)-carbazole PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon RAR, retinoic acid receptor TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodi benzo-/>-dioxin Trp, tryptophan UGT 01, UDP-glucuronosy 1 transferase 01... 

The carbonaceous particles, in turn, occur in one of two forms, graphitic and PAH clusters. PAH is an abbreviation for a family of organic compounds, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, that consist of two or more benzene rings condensed on each other in a variety of ways. The diagrams on page 27 show the structures of some typical PAH molecules. 

Fig. 7.3 Major pyrolytic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) found in sediments (abbreviations refer to Fig. 7.4).

This class of compounds is ubiquitous in the atmosphere with more than 100 PAH compounds having been identified in urban air. PAHs observed in the atmosphere range from bicyclic species such as naphthalene, present mainly in the gas phase, to PAHs containing seven or more fused rings, such as coronene, which are present exclusively in the aerosol phase. Intermediate PAHs such as pyrene and anthracene are distributed in both the gas and aerosol phases. The major compounds that have been identified in the atmosphere with their abbreviations and some physical properties are shown in Table 14.15 (Baek et al. 1991). The ambient concentrations of PAHs vary from a few ngm with values as high as 100 ngm-3 reported close to their sources (traffic, combustion sources). Concentrations are usually higher during the winter compared to the summer months (Table 14.16). 

Abbreviations PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon DE, diol epoxide PAHDE, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon diol epoxide PAHTC, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon triol carbocation TC, triol carbocation BaP, benzo[a]pyrene BeP, benzo[e]pyrene BA, benz[a]anthracene DBA, dibenz[a,h]anthracene BcPh, benzo[c)phenanthrene Ch, chrysene MCh, methylchrysene MBA, 7-methyl benz[a]anthracene DMBA, 7,12-dimethyl benz[a]anthracene EBA, 7-ethyl benz[a]anthracene DB(a,l)P, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene MSCR, mechanism-based structure-carcinogenicity relationship PMO, Perturbational molecular orbital method dA, deoxyadenosine dC, deoxycytosine dG, deoxyguanosine MOS, monoxygenase enzyme system EH, epoxide hydrolase enzyme system N2(G), exocyclic nitrogen of guanine C, electrophilic centre of PAHTC K, intercalation constant CD, circular dichroism LD, linear dichroism. 

Scheme 1 Chemical structures of synthetic polyelectrolytes used up to now for the fabrication of multilayers. There are considerably more polyelectrolytes whose adsorption onto solid surfaces has been studied previously. Counter-ions are omitted in some cases, most of the abbreviations of the substances follow the original literature. The compounds are referenced as follows PSS (17,21,24,61-63,71,75,77-79) PVS (80,81) PAZO (77) PAPSA (24) SPAN (35,65) PTAA (65) PAMPSA (82) PSMDEMA (7(5,77) PAH (17,20,24,27,61-63,65,68,71,73-75,79,80,83-86) l re-PPV (19,34,35,38,87,88) PDDA (24,29) PMPyA (65) R-PHpyV (36) PEI (24, 79,81,89)...

Abbreviations used TLC, thin-layer chromatography CCD, countercurrent distribution HPLC, high-pressure liquid chromatography 3-MC, 3-methyl-cholanthrene PAH, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons DMBA, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene x = yes. 

Abbreviations NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity (P-450R), radiometric BPH assay (BPH-R), fluorometric BPH assay (BPH-F), 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), phenobarbital (PB), 3,4,3 4 -tetrachlorobiphenyl (3MC-type inducer) (3,4,3 4 -TCBP), 2,4,5,2 4 5 -hexachlorobiphenyl (non-coplanar PB-type inducer) (HCBP), j8-naphthoflavone (BNF), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), — (not determined). 

This review provides insight on several important processes that control bioaccumulation of PAHs in marine organisms. Some of the more important points covered concern the role of organic carbon and lipid in the control of PAH partitioning, the observed anomalous sediment-water partitioning behavior, the routes by which PAHs are taken up, the rates of uptake and elimination, the role of biotransformation in bioaccumulation, the variation of bioaccumulation over a range of hydrophobic PAHs, the temporal nature of exposure and its impact on persistence, the time to reach steady-state tissue burdens, the efficiency of uptake, and the relationships between environmental concentrations and tissue accumulations. An examination of the literature related to these points will help explain the complexities and subtleties of bioaccumulation of PAHs and other organic contaminants. The abbreviations and formulas that are used here are defined in the Appendix. 

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