Ozone history

Figure 37. Ozone history along the 1030 trajectory (i = 1/4 r = 1 /2 ground level concentrations)...

Out of the many important aspects of the ozone history, I would like to highlight five factors that appear most relevant to the climate negotiations 1) the role of science and scientists (2) the necessity for strong and consistent leadership (3) the flexible design of the Montreal Protocol (4) the technological revolution that emerged from public-private sector partnerships and (5) the involvement of developing countries in the solution. 

Looking back at the relevant lessons from the ozone history discussed earlier, how do the climate negotiations compare ... 

On September 6, 1987, the European Economic Community and the United States signed a phase-out agreement for the manufacture and use of specific refrigerants containing chlorine and bromine in the hydrocarbon molecule because of the effects on the atmosphere s ozone layer. ° See Reference 20, p. 18.1, for a more detailed history of this... 

El-Sayed, S. Z. (1988). Eragile life under the ozone hole. Natural History 97,72. 

The history of ozone depletion took a dramatic turn in 1985 when J. C. Farman at the BAS Halley Bay station announced that ozone levels over the Antarctic had decreased by more than 40 percent between 1977 and 1984. Farman explained that ozone levels had fallen so low that one could say that a "hole had formed in the ozone layer above the South Pole. In 1984, that "hole covered an area of more than 15 million square miles (40 million square kilometers), equal to the size of the continental United States. Clearly, ozone depletion was not a long-term problem about which scientists could debate for the next century or so. It was an issue that demanded quick attention and action. 

In summary, the chemistry of the stratosphere and the effects of anthropogenic perturbations on it have a rich history, with new chemistry that continues to unfold. For reviews of various aspects of the chemistry and history, see Cicerone (1981, 1987), Rowland (1989, 1992,1993), Molina (1991), Rowland and Molina (1994), Toohey (1995), Brasseur et al. (1995), chapters by Li et al. (1995a), Anderson, and Sander et al. in the book edited by Barker (1995), chapters by Brune, Middle-brook and Tolbert, Wilson, and Brasseur et al. in the book edited by Macalady (1998), and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 1995 and 1999 reports Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion. ... 

FGD Absorber case histories confirm that the chlorobutyl linings give trouble free service when correctly applied and cured. Chlorobutyl linings offer excellent chemical, heat, weather and ozone resistance compared to natural rubber. 

Fig. VI-9. Concentration-lime history or reactants and some products in the photooxidation of C3H. Mixtures of C,H4 + NO + NOj in air were irradiated by simulated sunlight in smog chamber. Reprinted with permission from H. Niki, C. E. Daby, and B. Weinstock, in Photochemical Smog and Ozone Reactions, R. F. Gould, Ed., American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C. Copyright by the American Chemical Society, 1972. 

Stratospheric Ozone depletion is largely due to chlorine and bromine radicals released from halogenated hydrocarbons. This paper describes properties, emission histories and budgets of relevant substances and outlines the pertinent photochemical processes, along with a comprehensive presentation of halocarbon measurements and global distributions. 

History.—Hydrogen peroxide or, as it is sometimes termed, hydrogen dioxide, was first obtained by Thenard in 1818 m an examination of the dilute aqueous solutions formed by the action of vanous mineral acids on barium peroxide.1 In the early days of its investigation considerable confusion was caused by the similarity between hydrogen peroxide and ozone in aqueous solution.2... 

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