Oxide chemical properties

Monoazo yellow salts, 79 433-434 Monobasic acids, alkyds from, 2 152—153 Monobasic lead sulfate, 74 790 Monobath photographic processing, 79 212 Monobromanine, 4 318—319 73 101, 103 Monobromoborane, 73 636 Monobutyltin oxide, chemical properties of, 24 824... 

Arsenic Suboxide—Arsenious Oxide Polymorphism and Physical Properties of Arsenious Oxide, Chemical Properties, Uses—The Arsenites—Arsenic Tetroxide. 

Mendeleef drew up a table of elements considering the chemical properties, notably the valencies, of the elements as exhibited in their oxides and hydrides. A part of Mendeleefs table is shown in Figure 1.2 -note that he divided the elements into vertical columns called groups and into horizontal rows called periods or series. Most of the groups were further divided into sub-groups, for example Groups... 

The chemical properties of fermium have been studied solely with tracer amounts. In normal aqueous media, only the (111) oxidation state appears to exist. 

The regioselectivity and syn stereochemistry of hydroboration-oxidation coupled with a knowledge of the chemical properties of alkenes and boranes contribute to our under standing of the reaction mechanism... 

Traditional adsorbents such as sihca [7631 -86-9] Si02 activated alumina [1318-23-6] AI2O2 and activated carbon [7440-44-0], C, exhibit large surface areas and micropore volumes. The surface chemical properties of these adsorbents make them potentially useful for separations by molecular class. However, the micropore size distribution is fairly broad for these materials (45). This characteristic makes them unsuitable for use in separations in which steric hindrance can potentially be exploited (see Aluminum compounds, aluminum oxide (ALUMINA) Silicon compounds, synthetic inorganic silicates). 

Chemical Properties. In addition to the reactions Hsted in Table 3, boron trifluoride reacts with alkali or alkaline-earth metal oxides, as well as other inorganic alkaline materials, at 450°C to yield the trimer trifluoroboroxine [13703-95-2] (BOF), MBF, and MF (29) where M is a univalent metal ion. The trimer is stable below — 135°C but disproportionates to B2O2 and BF at higher temperatures (30). 

Chemical Properties. Neopentyl glycol can undergo typical glycol reactions such as esterification (qv), etherification, condensation, and oxidation. When basic kinetic studies of the esterification rate were carried out for neopentyl glycol, the absolute esterification rate of neopentyl glycol with / -butyric acid was approximately 20 times that of ethylene glycol with / -butyric acid (7). 

Chemical Properties. Trimethylpentanediol, with a primary and a secondary hydroxyl group, enters into reactions characteristic of other glycols. It reacts readily with various carboxyUc acids and diacids to form esters, diesters, and polyesters (40). Some organometaUic catalysts have proven satisfactory for these reactions, the most versatile being dibutyltin oxide. Several weak bases such as triethanolamine, potassium acetate, lithium acetate, and borax are effective as stabilizers for the glycol during synthesis (41). 

Each isomer has its individual set of physical and chemical properties however, these properties are similar (Table 6). The fundamental chemical reactions for pentanes are sulfonation to form sulfonic acids, chlorination to form chlorides, nitration to form nitropentanes, oxidation to form various compounds, and cracking to form free radicals. Many of these reactions are used to produce intermediates for the manufacture of industrial chemicals. Generally the reactivity increases from a primary to a secondary to a tertiary hydrogen (37). Other properties available but not Hsted are given in equations for heat capacity and viscosity (34), and saturated Hquid density (36). 

Chemical Properties. Its two functional groups permit a wide variety of chemical reactions for lactic acid. The primary classes of these reactions are oxidation, reduction, condensation, and substitution at the alcohol group. 

Chemical Properties. The electron configuration of the iodine atom is [Kr]4d ° and its ground state is. Principal oxidation states... 

The chemical properties of cycHc ketones also vary with ring size. Lower members (addition reactions, than corresponding acycHc ketones. The Cg—C 2 ketones are unreactive, reflecting the strain and high enol content of medium-sized ring systems. Lactones are prepared from cycHc ketones by the Bayer-ViUiger oxidation reaction with peracids. S-Caprolactone is manufactured from cyclohexane by this process ... 

Although rare-earth ions are mosdy trivalent, lanthanides can exist in the divalent or tetravalent state when the electronic configuration is close to the stable empty, half-fUed, or completely fiUed sheUs. Thus samarium, europium, thuUum, and ytterbium can exist as divalent cations in certain environments. On the other hand, tetravalent cerium, praseodymium, and terbium are found, even as oxides where trivalent and tetravalent states often coexist. The stabili2ation of the different valence states for particular rare earths is sometimes used for separation from the other trivalent lanthanides. The chemicals properties of the di- and tetravalent ions are significantly different. 

Chemical Properties. Lignin is subject to oxidation, reduction, discoloration, hydrolysis, and other chemical and enzymatic reactions. Many ate briefly described elsewhere (51). Key to these reactions is the ability of the phenolic hydroxyl groups of lignin to participate in the formation of reactive intermediates, eg, phenoxy radical (4), quinonemethide (5), and phenoxy anion (6) ... 

Chemical Properties. Molybdenum has good resistance to chemical attack by mineral acids, provided that oxidizing agents ate not present. The metal also offers excellent resistance to attack by several liquid metals. The approximate temperature limits for molybdenum to be considered for long-time service while in contact with various metals in the hquid state ate as follows ... 

Chemical Properties. Higher a-olefins are exceedingly reactive because their double bond provides the reactive site for catalytic activation as well as numerous radical and ionic reactions. These olefins also participate in additional reactions, such as oxidations, hydrogenation, double-bond isomerization, complex formation with transition-metal derivatives, polymerization, and copolymerization with other olefins in the presence of Ziegler-Natta, metallocene, and cationic catalysts. All olefins readily form peroxides by exposure to air. 

Preparation and Properties of Organophosphines. AUphatic phosphines can be gases, volatile Hquids, or oils. Aromatic phosphines frequentiy are crystalline, although many are oils. Some physical properties are Hsted in Table 14. The most characteristic chemical properties of phosphines include their susceptabiUty to oxidation and their nucleophilicity. The most common derivatives of the phosphines include halophosphines, phosphine oxides, metal complexes of phosphines, and phosphonium salts. Phosphines are also raw materials in the preparation of derivatives, ie, derivatives of the isomers phosphinic acid, HP(OH)2, and phosphonous acid, H2P(=0)0H. 

The chemical properties of phthalocyanines depend mosdy on the nature of the central atom. Phthalocyanines are stable to atmospheric oxygen up to approximately 100°C. Mild oxidation may lead to the formation of oxidation iatermediates that can be reduced to the original products (29). In aqueous solutions of strong oxidants, the phthalocyanine ring is completely destroyed and oxidized to phthalimide. Oxidation ia the presence of ceric sulfate can be used to determine the amount of copper phthalocyanine quantitatively (30). 

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