Overhead, shop

Installation ot overhead bus system with tap-off boxes in a large assembly shop... 

Busbar trunking systems are frequently employed in machine shops to facilitate relocation of the equipment. The busbars are located overhead, suspended from the roof stmcture, and arranged, in conjunction with the lighting system, in a suitable grid pattern. Fused plugs and sockets provide outlets to individual items of equipment. 

Canyon structure for containment of process equipment, which would be installed and replaced remotely by overhead cranes. This arrangement is most cost effective in that it provides for maximum use of building space since there is no need for space between process equipment Failed equipment can be replaced in less than one day and is then moved to separate maintenance shops within the canyon structure for decontamination and repair. 

Figure 8.2 is based on direct-fired heaters, both shop and field-erected, with carbon steel tubes, and includes all direct materials, shop and field labor, and subcontractor overhead and profit. 

Cafeteria and recreation facilities General plant maintenance and overhead Payroll overhead including employee benefits Control laboratories Packaging Plant protection Janitor and similar services Employment offices Distribution of utilities Shops Lighting... 

Numerous articles have been published which give methods for obtaining vessel costs based on estimates of costs for the individual components, such as for materials, labor, nozzles, manholes, and overhead related to fabrication, to arrive at an estimated cost (f.o.b) at the fabricator s shop. Final installed cost can be obtained by applying factors to account for freight, labor, materials, engineering, and overhead related to getting the unit to the plant and installing... 

Cost of procuring material. Labor costs at shop rate. Shop overhead and profits. 

This is an accounting term. Included in this category are salary and management costs. Overhead also includes all costs not covered in categories above. Elements such as machinery costs, shop and office supplies, and insurance are included in this area. Often in developing estimates, overhead is expressed as a percent of direct labor cost. For information on allocating overhead cost refer to... 

Electricity is taken from the National Grid by appropriately located substations which eventually transform the voltage down to 11 kV at a local substation. At the local substation the neutral conductor is formed for single-phase domestic supplies and three-phase supplies to shops, offices and garages. These supplies are usually underground radial supplies from the local substation, but in rural areas we still see transformers and overhead lines suspended on wooden poles. Figures 3.11 and 3.12 give an overview of the system from power-station to consumer. 

All analyses pointed to two locations where manual material handling was contributing to a back injury epidemic. Most injuries occurred during storage activities in the warehouse and paint shop where tanks were loaded onto an overhead hook conveyor system. 

Shop Overhead. In addithm to the direct costs involved for materials and labor, idl fabricators must add an indinvt cost often termed the shop overhead or burden. This overhead includes a variety of items, such as the cost of supervision, administration, engineering, sales, utilities, maintenance, depreciation, taxes, and other fixed and indirect costs. These cc ts vary from shop to shop, area to area, and year to year, and are estahlMted hy the ctmrfitions for a particular shop and hy Ifie acA ouiiting pnictice followed. I his overhead usually rang ftxmi 100% to 200% of the total cowit for labor and materials. 

Manufacturers have long emphasized cost reduction in their improvement efforts — particularly on shop floor and direct labor activity. But today s supply chains are increasingly knowledge based. They are composed of informa-hon factories as much as producers of physical goods. The typical cost of a manufactured product is about 10% touch labor, 50% direct material, and 40% overhead. The overhead figure, in particular, includes a lot of informa-hon handling — the domain of the so-called white-collar worker. In a company with this cost profile, these functions will consinne several times the resources directly related to produchon. Of course, the service business is even more information-intensive. 

As mentioned earlier in this chapter, EDI, as a traditional SCM information integration tool, has been replaced by the Internet. Using the Internet, individuals can now do much of their demand shopping through a computer terminal. Eor example, if you need a book, you go on the Internet and type Amazon.com and you have immediate access to a bookstore that is much more complete than anything available to you by direct shopping. The prices are competitive because they avoid the overhead that a normal bookstore requires. Moreover, they can direct ship the book of your choice to you in only a few days. This does not replace the need for someone to occasionally go to a Barnes and Noble in search of a new book on a subject of interest. Sometimes it is fun to just go... 

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