Other Persistent Pollutants

Paper mill effluents contain a large range of compounds and possess high toxicity overall, yet another analytical challenge (Lacorte 2003). Classes of compounds include 

---

In addition, similarly and more severely, NF U 52-001 also requires the absence of specific classes of chemicals in the polymeric composition, i.e., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other persistent pollutants. 

House dust in carpets, on sofas, and in air ducts is both a major source and sink of pollutants in the home (Roberts et al. 1994). The lead on surfaces and the lead loading in a carpet (/igPb/m ) are the best predictors of a toddler s blood lead (Davies et al. 1990 Hilts 1994). Dust in carpets can also be a major source of exposure to pesticides and allergens (Lewis et al. 1994 Pope et al. 1993). We believe, but have only partially confirmed, that house dust is also a major source of childhood exposure for PAHs, PCBs, and other persistent pollutants. 

Environmental Fate. A portion of releases to land and water will quickly evaporate, although some degradation by microorganisms will occur. Xylene are moderately mobile in soils and may leach into groundwater, where they may persist for many years. Xylenes are VOCs. As such, xylene will react with other atmospheric components, contributing to the formation of ground-level ozone and other air pollutants. 

Another piece of legislative action to be considered is the OSPAR strategy regarding hazardous substances, known as the Convention for the protection of the marine environment of North-Atlantic . Among the OSPAR list of chemicals of priority action, surfactants NPEOs and so-called related substances, such as NP, are included among other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like PCBs, PAHs and Hg, indicating that these compounds show a risk to the marine environment. 

Kalantzi OI, Geens T, Covaci A, Siskos PA (2011) Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other persistent organic pollutants in human serum from Greece. Environ Int 37 349-353... 

Wet deposition may be an important source of PCBs to the Great Lakes. Unfortunately, like dry particle deposition, it is difficult to measure directly because of the low PCB concentrations, the problem of sampling artifacts, and the distribution of rain and PCB concentrations over space and time. Some trends are evident, however [ 189]. Snow has been shown to be much more effective than rain in scavenging PCBs from both vapor and particulate phases at a site in Minnesota [190,191]. This leads to a seasonal effect, in that precipitation concentrations of PCBs are highest in the winter in Chicago (Hites, personal communication), as with the concentrations of many other persistent organic pollutants [192], Possible reasons include sorption to an aqueous or... 

The committee recommends the inclusion of a detailed and accurate exposure analysis for a subset of the biomonitored population in large-scale biomonitoring studies that includes analyses of environmental media in the residence and uses a survey instrument to obtain information on diet, consumer product use, occupational exposures, and other factors relevant to the chemical exposure pathways that are being examined. The exposure assessment can be patterned on protocols used in other exposure analyses, such as the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS), the Minnesota Children s Pesticide Exposure Study, and Children s Total Exposure to Pesticides and Other Persistent Organic Pollutants. 

The use of pesticides in Malaysia dated back since after the Second World War. These persistent pollutants were primarily used for agriculture and vector control. DDT, dieldrin and endrin found extensive use before they were banned recently. Most of the other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been banned in Malaysia. However, residues of these pesticides were found in various compartments of the environment such as water, sediment and biota. Nonpesticide POPs were not monitored as much but recent efforts have included monitoring and management of these POPs among other hazardous chemicals. This chapter presents the current status of POPs in Malaysia and various initiatives to manage these pollutants. 

USEPA (2004b) A pilot study of children s total exposure to persistent pesticides and other persistent organic pollutants (CTEPP). Washington, DC, United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA/600/R-04/193). 

Diamond film electrode has an inert character with weak adsorption properties (Martin et al. 1996 Swain et al. 1998 Pleskov 1999). Weak interactions of D ( OH) lead to low anode activity toward oxygen gas evolution [Reaction (3.3)] and high oxidation reactivity to the organic pollutants incineration [Reaction (3.2)]. Due to the high oxidizing power of the radicals, highly persistent pollutants, which cannot be decomposed with bioremediation method, advanced oxidation process, or even electrooxidation process with other kinds of electrodes, can be successfully degraded with the diamond film electrode. 

Muir, D. C. G., Howard, P. H. (2006) Are there other persistent organic pollutants A challenge for environmental chemists. Environ. Sci. TechnoL, 40 7157-7166. 

Farrar, N.J., Smith, K.E.C., et al (2004b) Atmospheric emissions of polyhrominated diphenyl ethers and other persistent organic pollutants during a major anthropogenic combustion event. Environmental Science and Technology, 38(6) 1681-1685. 

Guerzoni, S., Raccanelli, S., ed. (2004). The sick lagoon. Dioxin and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the lagoon of Venice. Department of the Environment, Venice City Council, Venice, Italy, 98 pp. 

Bioconcentration of Super-Hydrophobic Chemicals and Other Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)... 

Aromatic, olefinic, and acetylenic hydrocarbons, but especially saturated hydrocarbons belong to persistent pollutants difficult to eliminate from the troposphere. The only exceptions are some aromatic compounds that undergo direct photodegradation in result of solar irradiation. Alkanes are undoubtedly much less reactive than other organic compounds including unsaturated hydrocarbons, surely because they are more completely saturated and their activation involves cleavage of the relatively strong C—H bond (s = 415 kJ). 

A similar concept was used for other environmental applications, for example, phenoxy acids, sulfonureas, phenolic compounds, and other environmentally important persistent pollutants [68, 76, 141, 143, 155-166]. Also, in the same manner, several drugs were enriched and determined in body fluids such as urine [144-146, 167-172] or blood [147, 156, 157, 173, 174]. A very advanced apphcation of SLM for analytical purposes, where transport process was based on simple diffusion with pH adjustment of aqueous phase, is the extraction of the basic drug, bambuterol, for pretreatment of plasma samples before analysis with capfflary zone electrophoresis (CZE) [147]. Bambuterol was used as a model substance in a separation system, where either 6-undecanone or a mixture of di- -hexyl ether (DHE) and tri- -octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) was used as membrane phase. It was possible not only to achieve a very low hmit of detection ( 50 nmol/1) but also to ensure the removal of salts from the sample. It helped to obtain the low ionic strength of the blood plasma samples and permitted subsequent sample stacking in the caphlary electrophoresis step. 

---