Other Microscopic Methods

Light microscopy allows, in comparison to other microscopic methods, quick, contact-free and non-destmctive access to the stmctures of materials, their surfaces and to dimensions and details of objects in the lateral size range down to about 0.2 pm. A variety of microscopes with different imaging and illumination systems has been constmcted and is conunercially available in order to satisfy special requirements. These include stereo, darkfield, polarization, phase contrast and fluorescence microscopes. 

MS is highly suited to investigating microscopic defect properties. By microscopic we mean that the hyperflne parameters determined from a Mossbauer spectrum are particularly sensitive to local conditions at the site of the MCssbauer atom and its immediate environment. The Mossbauer effect (ME) is therefore also capable of providing microscopic information about defects in this region. In metals where other microscopic methods are not sufficiently powerful, a method like MS has a wide range of applications in relation to SLDs. 

In the last years one can find a strong reorientation of most microscopical methods to study objects in natural (or adjustable) conditions without preparation. Microscopical visualization without vacuum and coating allows maintaining the natural specimen structure as well as examining its behavior under external influences (loading, chemical reactions, interaction with other solids, liquids, gases etc.)... 

Microscopy (qv) plays a key role in examining trace evidence owing to the small size of the evidence and a desire to use nondestmctive testing (qv) techniques whenever possible. Polarizing light microscopy (43,44) is a method of choice for crystalline materials. Microscopy and microchemical analysis techniques (45,46) work well on small samples, are relatively nondestmctive, and are fast. Evidence such as sod, minerals, synthetic fibers, explosive debris, foodstuff, cosmetics (qv), and the like, lend themselves to this technique as do comparison microscopy, refractive index, and density comparisons with known specimens. Other microscopic procedures involving infrared, visible, and ultraviolet spectroscopy (qv) also are used to examine many types of trace evidence. 

This study Illustrates the use of situ MBS as applied to the Investigation of species Involved In redox processes In porous electrodes. It Is expected that a systematic utilization of this technique may enable the acquisition of microscopic level Information of difficult accessibility with other spectroscopic methods, although limited to only Mossbauer active nucleus. 

Therefore, no detailed discussion on the interaction of any liposomes with any particular cell type should be stated here. We refer to several recent publications for a study of interaction of DOPE CHEMS liposomes and COS-7 and HUVEC (109) and for a study on size-dependent uptake of particles into B16-F10 (72). The combination of flow cytometry and a microscopic method (e.g., spectral bio-imaging) turned out to be highly useful both to study the initial mode of internalization and to follow the intracellular fate of liposomes and other particulate carrier systems. 

Miles, JCS 1931 2532-42 (Formation and characterization of crysts of LA and some other initiating expls) 5)K.S.Warren, PATR 1152 (1942), "Study of the Action of Lead Azide on Copper 6)J.Fleischer J.B. Burtle, USP 2,421,778 (1947) "Initiating Explosives 7)Wm.H.Rinkenbach A.J. Clear, PATR Rev 1(1950), "Standard Laboratory Procedures for Sensitivity, Brisance and Stability of Explosives 8)U.S.Military Specification MIL-L-3055, Amend 1(1952) (Requirements and tests for dextrinated lead azide) 9)J-Bernstein, GLR 51-HI-2332, Pic Arsn (1952) "Hygroscopicity of Dextrinated Lead Azide 10)J.W.Lavitt, PATR 1957 (1953), "An Improved Microscopic Method for the Determination of the Crystal Size Distribution of 2-Micron RDX" 11)F.P. Bowden K.Singh, Nature 172, 378(1953) (Size effects in the initiation and growth of explosives) 12)J.W.C.Taylor, A.T.Thomas... 

For instance, the extensive time that was spent with the optical microscope examining the Seip materials was absolutely essential and could not have been replaced by more reading about the subject, or by any other test method or analysis. The same is true for the time spent with the macroscope. 

Progress in nanotechnology also depends critically on new developments in microscopy [42-45]. Compared to other investigation methods that help to explore the relation between the molecular structure and macroscopic properties, microscopy gives the most direct information. Particularly, in the case of disordered or aperiodic structures, visualisation of the structure is often more useful than indirect measurement and interpretation of its scattering properties. In practice, the utilisation and value of microscopes depends on their spatial resolution, the contrast and the imaging conditions. 

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