Other Environmental Influences

Small but definite diet-induced changes in serum alkaline phosphatase activities have been reported in man. The most noticeable effects occur in association with fat ingestion, particularly in subjects of blood group O and in blood group secretors (K25, W4). Kleerekoper et al. (K25) found a mean rise of 25.6% in the serum alkaline phosphatase values of a group of volunteers 5 hours after a meal of high fat content. This rise was due, predominantly, to the appearance of intestinal alkaline phosphatase in 

A significant elevation in serum alkaline phosphatase values has also been observed in response to chronic ingestion of relatively large amounts of refined carbohydrate (111), although the acute ingestion of refined carbohydrate is without effect (L4). 

Protein malnutrition appears to be associated with a reduction in total serum alkaline phosphatase activities (E7, Wll). Schwartz (S19), in a study of the tissue sources of circulating alkaline phosphatase in kwashiorkor, claimed that there was an increase in the isoenzyme of hepatic origin, but a concomitant fall in total serum alkaline phosphatase activity due to a decrease in the bone isoenzyme. This finding was supported by clinical and radiological evidence of retarded bone growth. 

Variations in dietary calcium intake from 300 to 2000 mg/day do not influence serum alkaline phosphatase values (18). 

Phosphate depletion may result in nutritional osteomalacia and hyper-phosphatasemia (see Section 6.3.2). In contrast, grossly elevated serum inorganic phosphate levels in nonuremic patients appear to have no detectable effect on serum alkaline phosphatase (M17). 

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Other Environmental Influences on Individuals and Their Genomes. Finally, the environment provides numerous potential biochemical influences on the genome, such as exposure to viruses, toxins, or diseases (Fig. 4—4). These, too, could contribute to the probability that genetic vulnerabilities for a psychiatric illness will become manifest. 

Toxic effect Any change in an organism that results in impairment of functional capacity of the organism (as determined by anatomical, physiological, biochemical, or behavioral parameters) causes decrements in the organism s ability to maintain its normal function or enhances the susceptibility of the organism to the deleterious effects of other environmental influences. 

The plant sources of lysergic acid amides contain not just one psychoactive molecule but several variations in effect are possible due to growing seasons and other environmental influences on the chemistry of the plant. Again, I should mention that in the American varieties of psychedelic lpomoea there is a uterotonic effect—hence these should not be used by... 

In comparing these three graphs, how strong is the relationship between global warming and the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere Is there a reason for concern What other environmental influences would you consider to help answer this question ... 

At present, it is not clear whether interindividual variability in rates of drug glucuronidation is more appropriately ascribed to genetic polymorphism or to host factors such as age, sex, disease, diet, or other environmental influences. However some genetic polymorphisms have been associated with hyperbilirubinemia and with some cancers. 

An adverse effect is defined as changes in morphology, physiology, growth, development, or life span, resulting in impairment of functional capacity, impairment in the capacity to compensate for additional stress, or increased susceptibility to other environmental influences. 

The term race applies to subpopulations or groups of people similar in several biological characteristics. In the past, races developed and persisted because travel over large distances was limited, thus, similar peoples interacted and procreated. The geographic or racial differences that are found today in hair and skin type may be remnants of prior adaptations to temperature and other environmental influences. 

Change the susceptibility of the organism to the deleterious effects of other environmental influences. ... 

The difficulties of investigating these interrelationships are in the main two firstly, we know very little about the metabolism or nutritional requirements of parasites, and, secondly, it is often almost impossible, especially in human subjects, to separate nutrition from among a mass of other environmental influences which may have a bearing on host-parasite balance. 

The resistance of polymeric materials to chemicals and other environmental influences has been covered in a large number of research articles that are typically focused on the behavior of a specific material with regard to a given medium and load. Raw material manufacturers, testing institutions, and users collected vast amounts of singular data both from tailored experiments and from practical experiences. 

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