Osmotic pressures, table

Table 9.3 lists the intrinsic viscosity for a number of poly(caprolactam) samples of different molecular weight. The M values listed are number average figures based on both end group analysis and osmotic pressure experiments. Tlie values of [r ] were measured in w-cresol at 25°C. In the following example we consider the evaluation of the Mark-Houwink coefficients from these data. 

Table 3. Osmotic Pressure of Aqueous Sucrose Solutions at 25°C ...

The freezing point, temperature of maximum density, osmotic pressure and specific heat for seawater of various salinities are given in Table 21.23. 

Table 7.3 Osmotic pressures of aqueous sucrose solutions at T = 293.15 K...

E7.12 The following table gives the osmotic pressures as a function of concentration for the polymer polyisobutylene dissolved in benzene at 298.15 K. 

E7.14 Estimate the vapor pressure lowering and the osmotic pressure at 293.15 K for an aqueous solution containing 50.0 g of sucrose (Mi = 0.3423 kg-mol"1) in 1 kg of water. At this temperature, the density of pure water is 0.99729 g em"3 and the vapor pressure is 2.33474 kPa. Compare your results with those given in Table 7.3. 

For practical purposes, the colligative property that is most useful for measuring relative molar masses of polymers is osmotic pressure. As Table 6.2 shows, all other properties take such small values that their measurement is impractical. 

When data on the amphidiploid and the hexaploid wheats are considered (Table 5), the former being substantially more salt tolerant in hydroponic culture, then again several points are noted. First, the sap osmotic pressure in the young leaves is least in the tolerant amphidiploid. Secondly, Na" and Cl levels are also lower in the juvenile amphidiploid leaves. These data imply that minimal osmotic adjustment is more beneficial than apparently complete osmotic adjustment. 

Table XXVII.—Comparison of Calculated Boiling Point Elevation, Freezing Point Depression, and Osmotic Pressure...

The figures in Table XXVII show that a 0.001°C depression in the melting temperature corresponds approximately to a 10-cm. change in hydrostatic pressure head in the osmotic pressure. With appropriate pains, osmotic pressures may be measured within 0.01 cm. of liquid... 

Fluids can be classified further according to their tonicity. Isotonic solutions (i.e., normal saline or 0.9% sodium chloride [NaCl]) have a tonicity equal to that of the ICF (approximately 310 mEq/L or 310 mmol/L) and do not shift the distribution of water between the ECF and the ICF. Because hypertonic solutions (i.e., hypertonic saline or 3% NaCl) have greater tonicity than the ICF (greater than 376 mEq/L or 376 mmol/L), they draw water from the ICF into the ECF. In contrast, hypotonic solutions (i.e., 0.45% NaCl) have less tonicity than the ICF (less than 250 mEq/L or 250 mmol/L) leading to an osmotic pressure gradient that pulls water from the ECF into the ICF. The tonicity, electrolyte content, and glucose content of selected fluids are shown in Table 24—3. 

Since most of the properties of materials depend on temperature, there are a lot of possible choices for a thermometer. Some thermometric properties tike Mossbauer effect or osmotic pressure, of historical interest, but no longer in use, are reported in ref. [[1], pp. 200-206], Hereafter, some thermometric properties useful at low temperature are described (see Table 9.1). Due to the enormous amount of papers on the subject, the bibliography cannot be complete. References before 1980 are reported in ref. [2],... 

HSA is the single most abundant protein in blood (Table 12.7). Its normal concentration is approximately 42 g 1 1, representing 60 per cent of total plasma protein. The vascular system of an average adult thus contains in the region of 150 g of albumin. HSA is responsible for over 80 per cent of the colloidal osmotic pressure of human blood. More than any other plasma constituent, HSA is thus responsible for retaining sufficient fluid within blood vessels. It has been aptly described as the protein that makes blood thicker than water. 

Make the medium shown in Table 1 (200 mL for 10 Petri dishes). For the growth of pollen tubes in vitro, calcium and borate are generally required. Sucrose is also added to the medium, mainly for the purpose to adjust the osmotic pressure it is unclear whether the external sucrose plays a role... 

This limit has been set by the precision with which small osmotic heights can be read. When diffusion is present, the apparent Osmotic pressure is always less than the true Osmotic pressure and falls with time. By extrapolation to zero time we can get too low an Osmotic pressure and hence too high a Molecular weight. The magnitude of the error is due to the solute diffusion and depends on the type of measurement, following table lists some data to illustrate it. 

In the prescription above, 1% atropine sulfate is ordered. The sodium chloride equivalent of atropine sulfate is 0.13 (refer to Table 8.2). This means that 1% solution of atropine sulfate has same osmotic pressure as that of 0.13% solution of sodium chloride. This solution is hypotonic. Addition of 0.77 g (i.e., 0.9 - 0.13 = 0.77) of sodium chloride per 100 mL of the 1% solution of atropine sulfate results in an isotonic solution. To determine the amount of sodium chloride required to render a given solution isotonic, the following steps may be used ... 

The experimental techniques for the study of conformational branched properties in solution are the same as used for linear chains. These are, in particular, static and dynamic light scattering, small angle X-ray (SAXS) and small angle neutron (SANS) scattering methods, and common capillary viscometry. These methods are supported by osmotic pressure measurements and, nowadays extensively applied, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) in on-line combination with several detectors. These measurements result in a list of molecular parameters which are given in Table 1. 

TABLE 15.1. Osmotic Pressure Data for Polyvinyl Acetate in Methyl Ethyl Ketone at 10°C... 

Table 15.1 contains osmotic pressure data calculated from the work of Browning and Ferry [3] for solutions of polyvinyl acetate in methyl ethyl ketone at 10°C. Plot H/vv against w, fit the data to a quadratic polynomial, and calculate the number-average molar mass from the intercept with the n/w axis. 

A dehciency of amino acids resnlts in decreased production of albnmin in the liver, lowering its concentration in the plasma and hence the colloid osmotic pressure. Consequently, fluid is lost from the blood and its viscosity increased, so that the heart has to work harder to pnmp the same quantity of blood and eventually it may not be able to cope, especially as cardiac muscle is lost in prolonged starvation (Table 16.6). Death will then resnlt from cardiac failure. 

Wheat straw. Wheat straw ground to 20 mesh was treated with 2% NaOH solution (wt/vol) in 1 2 (solidiliquid) ratio at 121 C for 0.5 h (i.e., 4 g NaOH/100 g wheat straw). Trichoderma reesei QMY-1 was grown on pretreated wheat straw in SSF as well as in LSF under otherwise identical culture conditions. The SSF was carried out with full nutrient concentrations in one set and with one-half nutrient concentrations in the other set to evaluate the possible deleterious effects of elevated osmotic pressure. T reesei QMY-1 produced FP cellulase of 8.6 lU/ml (430 lU/g cellulose or 172 lU/g substrate) in 22 days. This showed that the organism was able to tolerate the high salt concentrations required in the SSF. In contrast, when the nutrients were supplied in one-half concentration, FP cellulase activity dropped to 6.7 lU/ml (335 lU/g cellulose or 134 lU/g substrate). However, the maximum enzyme activity was obtained one week earlier (14 days) than that obtained with full salt concentrations (Table I). 

Systematic investigations were carried out for the preparation of cellulose acetate of D.S. 2,65 and other mixed esters which included cellulose acetate-propionate, cellulose acetate-butyrate, cellulose acetate-benzoate and cellulose acetate-methacrylate. The experimental conditions were optimised for maximum yield of the ester. Flat osmotic membranes were developed from these esters and characterised for their osmotic and transport properties. The nmmbra-nes were evaluated in a reverse osmosis laboratory test-cell using 5OOO ppm sodium chloride solution at 40 bars pressure. Table 1 presents the typical performance data of these membranes. 

Effects of annealing are also observed on the water transport properties. Both the diffusional permeability and the permeability under osmotic pressure decrease in comparison with the sample before annealing (Table IV). Moreover, the g ratio also decreases, which, in terms of the equivalent pore radius, means that the membrane becomes tighter upon annealing. 

Table I shows the molecular weight and the degree of end group substitution of the monofunctional polystyrene samples obtained. In Table II the corresponding data for the bifunctional samples are given. The samples were characterized by GPC in THF. and were calculated. Comparison with the corresponding nonfunctionalized control samples show good agreement. The results of the light scattering and osmotic pressure experiments with the acid form of the sulfonated polystyrenes were in agreement. No association was observed for THF solutions.

Alternatively, colloidal plasma expanders (Table 9.3) are used. When administered at appropriate concentrations, they exert an osmotic pressure similar to that of plasma protein, hence vascular volume and blood pressure are maintained. The major disadvantages of colloidal therapy include its relatively high cost, and the risk of prompting a hypersensitivity reaction. Determined elforts to develop blood substitutes were initiated in 1985 by the US military, concerned about the issue of blood supply to future battlefields. 

---