Orienting Response

Marlier L., Schaal B. and Soussignan R. (1997). Orientation responses to biological odours in the human newborn initial pattern and postnatal plasticity. C R Acad Sci Paris LS 320, 999-1005. 

Smith, B., Rypma, C. and Wilson, R., Dishabiuation and spontaneous recovery of the electrodermal orienting response Effects of extraversion, impulsivity, sociabiltiy and caffeine. Journal of Research in Personality 15, 475 -487, 1981. 

Fig. 6.2 The sequence of the orienting response of a rat to an odour presented from above. Before odour presentation the animal is at rest (A). When the odour is presented, the rat lifts his head and forepart of the body (B, C), moves about (D), and finally rears (E) (reprinted with permission from Sundberg et al. (1982)...

Coureaud, G., Schaal, B., Langlois, D. and Perrier G (2001) Orientation response of newborn rabbits to odours emitted by lactating females Relative effectiveness of surface and milk cues. Anim. Behav. 61, 153-162. 

Behavioral effects Several behavioral effects of valerian have been noted in animals. These include suppression of the orienting response in an open-field paradigm, decreasing spontaneous and caffeine-induced motor... 

In the first model, the mnneling electron mainly interacts with the electronic polarization of water ( = 1.88) since tunneling was assumed to be fast in comparison with the orientational response of the dipolar molecules of the liquid. Considering water as a dielectric continuum between a jellium spherical tip and planar substrate yields an effective barrier for tunneling that is about 1 eV lower than that for the vacuum case [95]. This result is consistent with photoemission studies of metal/aqueous interfaces, which reveal electron emission into water at 1 eV below the vacuum level [95-97]. Similar models have been employed to examine the effect of thermal fluctuations on the tunneling current [98-100]. Likewise, a related model assessing the noise associated with the reorientation of adsorbed molecules has been presented [101]. 

FIGURE 9.1 In rat pups, sense of smell matures first among different sensory modalities. Within the sense of smell, conditioning of somatomotor responses to odors occurs earlier ( ) than conditioning of heart rate (A). The earliest occurrence of orienting response, (i.e. a heart rate deceleration [ ]) in response to the first appearance of a conditioned odor. (Redrawn from Sananes etal., 1988.)... 

Figure 6. Long-range orientation responses of female Colorado beetles to wind and to wind plus potato odor 687 individuals were tested. Left tracks divided into five categories—1 and 2, straight and indirectly downwind 3, indifferent 4 and 5, indirectly and straight upwind. Right time periods required to reach upwind or downwind edge (14).

Ea of 0.01 V/ftm is then applied. This is required for two reasons to induce directional charge transport along the wavevector axis, and due to the collective orientational response that produces the index of refraction change. In other words, the applied field, which is greater in magnitude than the internal space-charge field, is required to keep the modulation of the internal electric field... 

Figure 3.31 As (due to orientational response of aqueous solvent) versus e, calculated for ET in a large binuclear transition metal complex (D (Ru2+/3+) and A (Co2+/3+) sites bridged by a tetraproline moiety) molecular-level results obtained from a nonlocal polarization response theory (NRFT, solid lines) continuum results are given by dashed lines, referring to numerical solution of the Poisson equation with vdW (cont./vdW) and SAS (cont./SAS) cavities, or as the limit of the NRFT results when the full k-dependent structure factor (5(k)) is replaced by 5(0) 5(k) for bulk water was obtained from a fluid model based on polarizable dipolar spheres (s = 1.8 refers to ambient water (square)). For an alternative model based on TIP3 water (where, nominally, 6 = ), ambient water corresponds to the diamond. (Reprinted from A. A. Milishuk and D. V. Matyushov, Chem Phys., 324, 172. Copyright (2006), with permission from Elsevier).

The presence of different solvation regimes is due to the time dependence of the solvent polarization response to sudden changes ( 10-13 s) in the solute charge distribution. In most cases, the solvent polarization response may be decomposed into two terms, one describing a fast (electronic) response and the other a slow (orientational) response. Here, fast indicates the part of the solvent response that is instantaneously equilibrated to the dynamical change of the solute charge distribution, while the slow refers to the remaining inertial component. 

Dartsch PC, Hammerle H. Orientation response of arterial smooth muscle cells to mechanical stimulation. Eur J Cell Biol. 1986 41 339-346. 

One of the applications of the TDPCM model is the calculation of experimental observable the time dependent Stokes shift S(t) (TDSS). In experiments, the time evolution of the solvent orientational response is evaluated from the time dependent shift of the solute maximum fluorescence signal v(t) with respect to its equilibrium value v (oo) [45] ... 

Theoretical formulations of reorganization in the course of electron-transfer processes have undergone a number of advances in recent years. The relative importance of various solvent contributions (including translational as well as orientational response, and inductive and dispersion as well as elecrostatic interactions) can depend strongly on the polarity (i.e., dipolar, higher multipolar, or nonpolar) as well as other molecular features of the solvent [21, 47-49]. Molecular-level perspectives on solvent response are of great utility in helping to parameterize effective cavity models (e.g., in conjunction with conventional [50] or spatially nonlocal [47] dielectric models). Additivity relationships traditionally assumed to pertain to sol-... 

Apply the concept of liquid crystal networks crosslink the backbone of NLO side chain liquid crystalline polymers when they are in the liquid crystal phase. In the presence of a mechanical force the resultant sample may be well aligned because of the interaction between the network strands and the side groups. The mechanical effect is equivalent to the electric or magnetic field. The re-orientation response of the liquid crystal is a quadratic function of the applied electric field, but it is linearly proportional to the mechanical stress. Thus, the mechanical stress is more effective in aligning the liquid crystals and is expected to produce less defects and hence to promote the transparency of the sample. 

Arousal System 1 is centered around the amygdala and is labeled the affect arousal system. It is responsible for focusing attention and generating hypothalamic reaction patterns such as orienting responses. 

Arousal System 1 is responsible for the elicitation of orienting responses, but will also focus attention. It corresponds to the lower level system, whereas... 

Newman and Broughton (1991) evaluated differences in pupillary activity between 10 narcoleptics and matched controls. No differences were obtained for pupil diameter under baseline conditions. Pupillary light reflexes and the pupillary orienting responses also failed to discriminate the groups. Narcoleptics, however, demonstrated significantly more spontaneous fluctuations in the dark than normals. Furthermore, Stanford Sleepiness Scale scores did not correlate with pupillary oscillations for either the control or the narcoleptic subjects. 

A polymer composite of PVK/TNF, doped with DMNPAA can still be improved by modifying the structure of DMNPAA. DMNPAAs modified with certain alkyl substituents have fast orientational response to an external electric field and keep large anisotropy in polarizability. 4-But-oxy-3-propyl-l-(4 -nitrophenylazo)benzene has the shortest reorientation time constant of 19 ms and photorefractive time, which are 2,300 times and 63 times faster than those of a simple DMNPAA composite. The fast reorientational response results from the improvement of the dispersivity in the polymer composites and the decrease of the glass transition temperature. 

Although the frequency dependence of the dielectric spectrum contains a (mostly orientational) response from all of the molecules (water, biomolecules, and ions) in the system, assignment to the orientational relaxation of individual species is possible when they are well separated in the frequency (or time) scales. 

Leads to the decoupling of molecular orientation responsible for increased modulus and strength, from oriented chains responsible for entropic shrinkage, allowing for high modulus low shrinkage fiber products. 

Is there a preferential orientation of the mitotic poles of cell groups Is this linked with the electrical oscillations Are they in phase Is the orientation responsive to externally applied ac fields Care must be exercised here against making snap judgments and due regard must be taken of the inability of electric fields (ac or dc) to penetrate media effectively unless the conductivity-frequency interrelations are favorable. Only high-frequency fields can penetrate media of even low conductivity, for example. 

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