Time-oriented Responses

Robust Design with Time-Oriented Responses for Regenerative Medicine Industry... 

Keywords— Robust design. Quality by Design, Regenerative Medicine, Time-oriented Responses, Response surface methodology. 

RD techniques based on how to exploit the mean and variance information of responses. The concept of building quahty into a design is increasingly popular in pharmaceutical industry because of their practicality. There have been many attempts to integrate Taguchi s RD principles with well-established statistical techniques in order to model the response directly as a function of control factors (Shin and Cho, 2005). In practice, it is necessary to handle the responses sampled as time series data that called time-oriented response in this paper. The associated experimental format is shown in Table 1. x, y, s, and t represent the vector of control factors, mean, variance, and time index respectively. 

Table 1 Experimental format with time-oriented responses...

B. Proposed RSM Based Time-Oriented Response Models... 

C. Proposed Time-Oriented Responses Robust Design Models and Optimization... 

To illustrate the proposed methodology, a gelation study of medicine was conducted in which two control factors of PEO (xi) and PEG (X2) were chosen. The time-oriented responses are gelation measurements of medicine collected from 0.5 hour to 5 hour (as described in Table 1). At each time, there are 6 experimental runs and four replications for each experimental run (as described in Table 2). In the Error Reference source not found, below, the data yi is the column of mean values and Si is the column of variance values of experimental runs. The main purpose of study is finding the optimal setting of control factors so that the mean responses y (gelation measurements) are near the targets and the variances s can be reduced as much as possible. For somewhat reasons, the experimental data cannot be published. 

After obtaining model parameters for mean and variance functions. The results hereafter are applied to the proposed time-oriented responses robust design models in Equation (12). After optimizing, the control settings and optimal solutions can be obtained as Table 3 follows ... 

In this paper, a new RD model is proposed to apply on time-oriented responses in pharmaceutical industiy. This RD model provides a useful tool to deal with time-oriented data that frequently happen in practice. For illustration, a experimental study from pharmaceutical industry is performed to show how to apply the improved methodology on the real situation. By using new RD model, an optimal control setting can be obtained so that the optimal responses are as close as the targets possible while the variances are reduced. 

Figure 6. Long-range orientation responses of female Colorado beetles to wind and to wind plus potato odor 687 individuals were tested. Left tracks divided into five categories—1 and 2, straight and indirectly downwind 3, indifferent 4 and 5, indirectly and straight upwind. Right time periods required to reach upwind or downwind edge (14).

The presence of different solvation regimes is due to the time dependence of the solvent polarization response to sudden changes ( 10-13 s) in the solute charge distribution. In most cases, the solvent polarization response may be decomposed into two terms, one describing a fast (electronic) response and the other a slow (orientational) response. Here, fast indicates the part of the solvent response that is instantaneously equilibrated to the dynamical change of the solute charge distribution, while the slow refers to the remaining inertial component. 

One of the applications of the TDPCM model is the calculation of experimental observable the time dependent Stokes shift S(t) (TDSS). In experiments, the time evolution of the solvent orientational response is evaluated from the time dependent shift of the solute maximum fluorescence signal v(t) with respect to its equilibrium value v (oo) [45] ... 

In order to test whether the chain ends or the central part are responsible for this behaviour, the orientation of both blocks has been compared to that of linear chains. The relaxation of chains ends in the star polymer and in copol5uners PS DH 184 and PS DHD 500 is compared in Figure 11. The short time orientation is similar for the 3 materials, but the end of an arm relaxes slower than that of the PS DHD 500 copolymer although the involved length is... 

Quasi-real-time-orientated object response... 

The time-resolved response of the polyaniline solution is studied by observing the phase conjugate signal as a function of delay of the probe pulse with respect to the pump pulse to determine the relative contributions of the electronic and non-electronic nonlinear components to the x values of the polymer in solution. This response was compared to that obtained with the carbon disulfide reference. The results indicate that the dominant component of the signal is due to electronic nonlinearity, and it decays in a few picoseconds. In addition, there is a slow component in the decay part of the spectrum, and the origin of this may be due to thermal, nuclear orientation or other related phenomena. 

A polymer composite of PVK/TNF, doped with DMNPAA can still be improved by modifying the structure of DMNPAA. DMNPAAs modified with certain alkyl substituents have fast orientational response to an external electric field and keep large anisotropy in polarizability. 4-But-oxy-3-propyl-l-(4 -nitrophenylazo)benzene has the shortest reorientation time constant of 19 ms and photorefractive time, which are 2,300 times and 63 times faster than those of a simple DMNPAA composite. The fast reorientational response results from the improvement of the dispersivity in the polymer composites and the decrease of the glass transition temperature. 

Although the frequency dependence of the dielectric spectrum contains a (mostly orientational) response from all of the molecules (water, biomolecules, and ions) in the system, assignment to the orientational relaxation of individual species is possible when they are well separated in the frequency (or time) scales. 

Besides frequency, time is another critical parameter for the description of dielectric phenomena in polymers. The mathematical analysis of the time-dependent response is based largely on the (macroscopic) relaxation function 0(r), which describes the change of the system after the removal of an applied stimulus (in the present case, the electric field, in the case of DMA, the stress). Dipole orientation, which follows the application (at time r = 0) of a static... 

In Table 1, both of time oriented-mean and variance responses are available. Similarly, the empirical relationships between variance and control factors are developed. The functional form of variance model can be expressed as ... 

The practical goal of EPR is to measure a stationary or time-dependent EPR signal of the species under scrutiny and subsequently to detemiine magnetic interactions that govern the shape and dynamics of the EPR response of the spin system. The infomiation obtained from a thorough analysis of the EPR signal, however, may comprise not only the parameters enlisted in the previous chapter but also a wide range of other physical parameters, for example reaction rates or orientation order parameters. 

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