Orientation historical perspective

Johnson, L.A. D.J. Myers D.J. Burden. Historical perspectives on production and utilization of soy proteins, i. early oriental uses and industrial uses. INFORM (AOCS) 1992a, 3. 282-290. 

From a historical perspective, C++ is a set of features that Bjarne Stroustrup added to C to facilitate object-oriented programming, plus an additional set of features added during the ANSI and ISO standardization process. C++... 

From these preliminary observations it will already have become clear that trace analysis, the focus of much concern in sample preparation, cannot be regarded as an end in itself. Rather, it is a very relevant and applications-oriented branch of analytical chemistry generally, one that, from a historical perspective, developed from within but became independent of chemical analysis as a whole, which was long regarded simply as a servant to the traditional subspecialities of chemistry and other disciplines (- Analytical Chemistry, Purpose and FTocedures). Nevertheless, the same tools, equipment, and methodological principles remain common to both general chemical analysis and modern trace analysis. 

Effects in NMR Chiroptical Spectroscopy, Orientated Molecules and Anisotropic Systems Heteronuclear NMR Applications (Ge, Sn, Pb) Heteronuclear NMR Applications (O, S, Se, Te) Liquid Crystals and Liquid Crystal Solutions Studied By NMR Magnetic Resonance, Historical Perspective NMR Data Processing NMR in Anisotropic Systems, Theory NMR Relaxation Rates NMR Spectroscopy of Alkali Metal Nuclei in Solution P NMR Parameters in NMR Spectroscopy, Theory of Product Operator Formalism in NMR Relaxometers Xenon NMR Spectroscopy. 

Debates about public support for science and technical innovation have focused since the 1970s on the increasingly applied or customer-oriented character of publicly-financed research and development (Rothschild, 1971). The most basic issue to concern writers is the degree to which scientific research should be justified on economic and social grounds. Price (1965) argued that if a historical perspective is adopted it can be seen that most engineering and scientific achievements have occurred independently of each other. Each was a cumulative system which relied heavily and on the whole exclusively on its own past achievements. Links existed but were usually tenuous. Clearly industrial growth can take place whether a country supports basic science or not the rapid development ofjapan... 

Treatment of ICPAES from different perspectives and to varying degrees of comprehensiveness appears in a number of chapters in volumes not solely dedicated to ICP-AES, but treating spectrometry and analysis in general. An early excellent chapter on ICP-AES is by Tschopel (1979) on plasma excitation in spectrochemical analysis, in Wilson and Wilson s Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry. A very brief historical introduction to ICP-AES, basic principles and considerations of absorption and emission lines, and applications to food analysis is in a book on modern food analysis (Ihnat (1984), and Van Loon (1985), in his practical analyst-oriented book on selected methods of trace analysis biological and environmental samples includes a chapter (pp. 19-52) on techniques and instrumentation including ICPAES. Moore (1989) (Introduction to Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry) provides... 

The historic overview clearly shows that a wide range of perspectives has been applied in risk assessments for maritime transportation. Most of the work is rooted in the idea that a true, mind-independent risk exists in line with realist perspectives on the continuum of Table 1. Using different modeling approaches, the majority of the methods aim to estimate this true risk. While the use of expert judgment has gained steady support, many of the applications rely heavily on accident and traffic data. Even when judgment is applied, it is considered to be truth-oriented. From the overview, it is also found that constructivist views, where the assessment is seen rather as a reflection of an assessor s interpretation of the system risk, are rare. The uncertainty view, where an assessor expresses his uncertainty about the occurrence of events and consequences, is not found in the application area. 

An exhaustive description of PCA historical and applicative perspectives, including a comparative discussion of PCA with respect to related methods, has been given by Joliffe [26] and Jackson [27] other basic references are the dedicated chapters in Massart s book [28] and Comprehensive Chemometrics [29], and a more didactical view, with reference to the R-project code environment may be found in Varmuza [30] and Wehrens [31]. A description of PCA strictly oriented to spectroscopic data may be found in the Handbook of MR Spectroscopy [32], Beebe [33] and in Davies column in Spectroscopy Europe [34,35] other salient references are Wold et al. [36] and Smilde et al. [37],... 

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