Independence of the mind

However, Putnam s diagnosis of why the metaphysical realist is supposed to go wrong helps to bring out clearly how the internalist realist view differs from the metaphysical realist one. In his view, it is (MR1) which is the source of the problem, and it can be solved if we deny that the entities words refer to are independent of the mind. He suggests that things are, in a way, the functions of words. Since words and things, as it were, come together, there is no problem about how the one is attached to the other. As he puts it ... 

This tacit commitment to (IR1) shows that the internal realist account of reference is indeed a species of the anti-realist answer to the skeptical challenge. The challenge, posed by Putnam s model-theoretic argument was this. If the structure of the world were independent of the human mind, how could concepts and words, which are human inventions, refer to the elements of the structure The answer provided here is that the structure of the world is not independent of the mind. The criteria of identity for entities derive from the justification conditions which govern the use of concepts. So the entities out there and the entities our words are intended to apply to are bound to be the same. We should not be surprised that the top slices meet the bottom slices. We just slice from the top and reach the bottom. 

Even though this will be dealt with in more detail later, it is important to get clear about the nature of the ontological mind-dependence of the quasi-phenomenal world. It means only the mind-dependence of things, not the mind-dependence of the relations obtaining between them, which was mentioned in clause (3) of the correspondence theory in the previous paragraph. Take the sentence The table is brown . It is true if and only if the table is brown. The object the table refers to must have the property brown refers to. The object and the property are ontologically mind-dependent. But it is ontologically independent of the mind whether that object does actually have that property. 

In the following preparation, the oxidation of benzyl chloride instead of toluene is therefore given in order to reduce the time required. It should be borne in mind, however, that the procedure is othenvise independent of the nature of the side chain. 

The best results are obtained with the hybrid schemes, the standard B3LYP functional and the new, one-parameter PBE1PBE protocol. Of course, one must keep in mind that independent of the particular functional chosen, large and flexible basis sets must be used. 

Another issue that must be kept in mind when setting up the program is that despite appearances, the computation of the variance terms is not independent of the value of T that appears in the coefficients of the variance terms in equations 51-139 and 51-77. 

Since all is ultimately consciousness, mind (as Buddhist metaphysics terms consciousness) is the builder of all and the source of the illusion of separateness. It is by the skillful use of the image-building faculty of consciousness (imagination) that we fashion the tools for our liberation. The subjectivity of inner vision does not diminish its reality value. It is real on its own level. Such visions are not hallucinations, because their reality is that of the human psyche. They are symbols in which the highest knowledge and the noblest endeavor of the human mind are embodied. Visualization is the creative process of spiritual projection, through which inner experience is translated into visible form, comparable to the creative act of an artist whose subjective idea, emotion, or vision is transformed into an objective work of art which then takes on a reality of its own, independent of the creator. 

In reactions where the rate is expressed as rt = kt f (Cf the rate coefficient will often depend on the concentrations, because the latter expression does not take into account the interactions between molecules in a reaction mixture that is thermodynamically nonideal (Froment and Bishoff, 1990). In such a case, if the concentrations are substituted by activities, the rate coefficient is merely independent of the concentration of the reacting species, but one should keep in mind that it is still not truly a constant (Fogler, 1999). 

It must be borne in mind that, for glass of a certain composition, the specific refraction according to Lorentz-Lorenz is independent of the temperature of treatment. The results discussed above suggest that this phenomenon may also be connected with polymerization and depolymerization of the glass in question. 

We need to consider the size of the representative volume element (RYE) for polymers bearing in mind the requirements of its definition. These were 1) the RVE should be entirely typical of the material on average 2) it must contain sufficient of the inclusions (phases) for the overall moduli to be independent of the surface tractions and displacements provided these are macroscopically uniform. 

Observing oneself means that the overall system must observe itself. Thus, in the conservative view of the mind self-observation is inherently limited, for the part cannot comprehend the whole and the characteristics of the parts affect their observation, in the radical view, however, in which awareness is partially or wholly independent of brain structure, the possibility exists of an observer much more independent of the structure. 

The question of its ultimate reality is difficult, if one starts from the conservative view of the mind, where awareness is no more than a product of the nervous system and brain, the degree of independence or objectivity of the observer can only be relative. The Observer may be a semi-independent system with fewer characteristics than the overall system of consciousness as a whole, but it is dependent on the operation of neurologically based structures and so is ultimately limited and shaped by them it is also programmed to some extent in the enculturation process. Hilgard 26 has found the concept of such a partially dissociated observer useful in understanding hypnotic analgesia. 

Up to this point the discussion is still compatible with the orthodox view of the mind, which sees awareness as a function of the brain. The circle to the far right in Figure 20-2, however, is compatible only with the radical view that awareness can operate partially or totally independently of the brain structure, in some mystical experiences, and in states called out-of-they-body experiences, people report existing at space/time locations different from that of their physical bodies, or being outside of space/time... 

The threshold values given by different investigators vary considerably depending on the choice of solvent(s), the method used for the determination, and the purity of the compound. Therefore, the same aroma or flavor compound may have as many threshold values as there are investigators. Care must be exercised when threshold values from the literature are used, and the mentioned sources of discrepancies must always be borne in mind. Odor threshold values, expressed as concentration in the gaseous phase, have the distinct advantage of being independent of the solvent used. 

The use of standard isotherms as a tool to characterize the porosity of solids (even for micropo-rous solids as it was shown) by means of one of the two methods described above may be appropriate. However, it is necessary to keep in mind that all of them are subject to the same limitation, that is, the difficulty of an appropriate choice of a nonporous reference material. The as-method chooses the standard isotherm according to the chemical nature of the sample to be studied, whereas the /-method chooses it independent of the nature of the nonporous adsorbent. 

---