Organolead compounds analysis

Berg S, Jonsson A. 1984. Analysis of airborne organic lead. In Grandjean P, ed. Biological effects of organolead compounds. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press, 33-42. 

See also Section I.A of Chapter 7. Analysis of organolead compounds has been reviewed1 5> 6. 

Analytical aspects of organolead compounds II. ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS... 

Organolead Compounds. Methods for sampling and analysis of tetraethyl lead and tetramethyl lead were developed based on collection on XAD-2, desorption with pentane, and analysis by gas chromatography with a photoionization detector. 

Lobinski, R., Boutron, C.F., Candelone, J.P., Hong, S.M., Szpunarlobinska, J. and Adams, F.C. (1993) Speciation analysis of organolead compounds in Greenland snow at the femtogram-per-gram level by capillary gas chromatography/atomic emission spectrometry. Anal. Chem., 65, 2509-2515. 

Lobinski, R., Dirkx, W.M.R., Szpunar-Lobinska, J. and Adams, F.C. (1996) Speciation analysis of organolead compounds. Status and future projects. In Quality Assurance for Environmental Analysis (eds Quevauviller, Ph., Maier, E.A. and Griepink, B.), Vol. 14. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 320 pp. 

The second interlaboratory study generated detailed discussions one ETAAS technique employed did not include a separation step but the participant stated that EDTA extraction would only extract organic lead compounds this technique was considered to be suitable for the analysis of a simple solution containing only one lead compound but would not be suitable for mixtures of lead species, e.g. the technique would not allow the separation of TriML and TriEL in a natural rainwater sample. In cases where different organolead compounds are to be determined in natural samples or solutions containing different lead compounds, ETAAS should be coupled to a separation technique, e.g. GC or HPLC. 

The concentrations of organolead compounds found in the different environmental compartments are often in the pgm, ngl , and ng per g levels for air, water, and sediment and biological tissues, respectively. However, inorganic lead forms can simultaneously be present in the same samples at a 1000-fold higher level. For this reason, the instrumentation necessary to carry out lead speciation analysis in real samples requires the isolation, separation, and sensitive detection of the individual organolead species in the presence of thousands of... 

Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was established as the most popular gas chromatography (GC) detection technique for lead speciation analysis in the first years of speciation studies. The increase of the residence time of the species in the flame using a ceramic tube inside the flame and, later, the use of electrically heated tubes, made out of graphite or quartz where electrothermal atomization was achieved, provided lower detection limits but still not sufficiently low. Later, the boom of plasma detectors, mainly microwave induced plasma atomic emission (MIP-AES) and, above all, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission and mass spectrometry (ICP-AES and ICP-MS, respectively) allowed the sensitivity requirements for reliable organolead speciation analysis in environmental and biological samples (typically subfemtogram levels) to be achieved. These sensitivity requirements makes speciation analysis of organolead compounds by molecular detection techniques such as electrospray mass spectrometry (ES-MS) a very difficult task and, therefore, the number of applications in the literature is very limited. 

Organolead compounds are pollutants in air, water, soil, and sediments. The toxicity of organolead species depends on the organic groups bound to the Pb atom. Lead has four stable isotopes ( Pb, Pb, Pb, and Pb) and isotopic analysis of Pb can be used for geological dating and to track environmental processes and sources of Pb species. 

Almost all of the published work on the gas chromatography of organolead compounds is concerned with their analysis in petroleum solutions, as, of course, certain types of organolead compounds tetramethyllead, trimethyllead, dimethyldiethyllead, methyltriethyl-lead and tetramethyllead, are used as antiknock additives in petroleum. 

The atomizer overcomes many of the difficulties involved in commercial furnace carbon atomizers. Based on this atomizer Robinson et al developed the procedure described below for the analysis of organolead compounds in gasoline. 

Lavekog, a. Report about analysis of organolead compounds. (In Swedish). Public Health Board of Stockholm City (1970 a). 

Berg, S., Jonsson, A., Analysis of Airborne Organic Lead, In Grandjean, P., Biological Effects of Organolead Compounds, CRC, Boca Raton, Fla., 1984, pp. 33/42. 

De Jonghe, W., Adams, F., Organolead Compounds in the Atmosphere, COST 61a bis, 2nd Disc. Meeting Working Party 1. Detection, Identification and Analysis of Air Pollutants, Vienna 1982, pp. 17/23. 

A method for analysis of Pb(C2Hs)4 and other alkyllead compounds in street dust was developed. From measured values between 0.4 and 7.4 ppm and at least two orders of magnitude less than the inorganic lead content, it was concluded that if there is a health hazard associated with lead in street dust, it is due to the inorganic lead rather than to the organolead compounds present [330]. 

Heisterkamp M. and Adams F. C. (2001) Gas chromatography-induc-tively coupled plasma-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the speciation analysis of organolead compounds in environmental water samples, Frese-nius J. Anal. Chem. 370 597-605. 

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