Organic polymerizability

Copolymerization between hybrid inorganic-organic systems, zirconium ox-opoly-AAEM, and a third organic polymerizable component, such as styrene. 

A porous structure of most organic polymerizable-type polymers as well as inorganic xerogels is formed by drying gel therefore they have an identical type of pore structures. The electron-microscopy studies of some organic porous polymers showed that... 

Organic peroxide-aromatic tertiary amine system is a well-known organic redox system 1]. The typical examples are benzoyl peroxide(BPO)-N,N-dimethylani-line(DMA) and BPO-DMT(N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine) systems. The binary initiation system has been used in vinyl polymerization in dental acrylic resins and composite resins [2] and in bone cement [3]. Many papers have reported the initiation reaction of these systems for several decades, but the initiation mechanism is still not unified and in controversy [4,5]. Another kind of organic redox system consists of organic hydroperoxide and an aromatic tertiary amine system such as cumene hydroperoxide(CHP)-DMT is used in anaerobic adhesives [6]. Much less attention has been paid to this redox system and its initiation mechanism. A water-soluble peroxide such as persulfate and amine systems have been used in industrial aqueous solution and emulsion polymerization [7-10], yet the initiation mechanism has not been proposed in detail until recently [5]. In order to clarify the structural effect of peroxides and amines including functional monomers containing an amino group, a polymerizable amine, on the redox-initiated polymerization of vinyl monomers and its initiation mechanism, a series of studies have been carried out in our laboratory. 

Organic peroxides and hydroperoxides decompose in part by a self-induced radical chain mechanism whereby radicals released in spontaneous decomposition attack other molecules of the peroxide.The attacking radical combines with one part of the peroxide molecule and simultaneously releases another radical. The net result is the wastage of a molecule of peroxide since the number of primary radicals available for initiation is unchanged. The velocity constant ka we require refers to the spontaneous decomposition only and not to the total decomposition rate which includes the contribution of the chain, or induced, decomposition. Induced decomposition usually is indicated by deviation of the decomposition process from first-order kinetics and by a dependence of the rate on the solvent, especially when it consists of a polymerizable monomer. The constant kd may be separately evaluated through kinetic measurements carried out in the presence of inhibitors which destroy the radical chain carriers. The aliphatic azo-bis-nitriles offer a real advantage over benzoyl peroxide in that they are not susceptible to induced decomposition. 

Thus, room-temperature ionic liquids have the potential to provide environmentally friendly solvents for the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The ionic liquid environment is very different from normal polar and nonpolar organic solvents both the thermodynamics and the kinetics of chemical reactions are different, and so the outcome of a reaction may also be different. Organic reactions that have been successfully studied in ionic liquids include Friedel-Crafts, Diels-Alder,Heck catalysis, chlorination, enzyme catalysis,polymeriz-... 

The problem of high pressure drops with gel entrapped materials has been overcome by entrapping the enzymes in plastic materials snch as polystyrene and polymethylmethacrylate (Wang et al, 1997). The method involves chemical acryloylation of the enzyme to provide a polymerizable functionality, formation of non-covalent ion pairs between the enzymes and a snrfactant, solntion of these ion pairs in an organic solvent followed by addition of vii rl monomers, a crosshnker, and an initiator to give the desired vinyl polymer with the entrapped enzymes. 

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