Polymerizable organic functions

Y. Ma, G. Cortellaro, and H. Durr, Preparation of photochromic molecules with polymerizable organic functionalities, Synthesis 3, 294-297 (1995). 

Organic peroxide-aromatic tertiary amine system is a well-known organic redox system 1]. The typical examples are benzoyl peroxide(BPO)-N,N-dimethylani-line(DMA) and BPO-DMT(N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine) systems. The binary initiation system has been used in vinyl polymerization in dental acrylic resins and composite resins [2] and in bone cement [3]. Many papers have reported the initiation reaction of these systems for several decades, but the initiation mechanism is still not unified and in controversy [4,5]. Another kind of organic redox system consists of organic hydroperoxide and an aromatic tertiary amine system such as cumene hydroperoxide(CHP)-DMT is used in anaerobic adhesives [6]. Much less attention has been paid to this redox system and its initiation mechanism. A water-soluble peroxide such as persulfate and amine systems have been used in industrial aqueous solution and emulsion polymerization [7-10], yet the initiation mechanism has not been proposed in detail until recently [5]. In order to clarify the structural effect of peroxides and amines including functional monomers containing an amino group, a polymerizable amine, on the redox-initiated polymerization of vinyl monomers and its initiation mechanism, a series of studies have been carried out in our laboratory. 

The problem of high pressure drops with gel entrapped materials has been overcome by entrapping the enzymes in plastic materials snch as polystyrene and polymethylmethacrylate (Wang et al, 1997). The method involves chemical acryloylation of the enzyme to provide a polymerizable functionality, formation of non-covalent ion pairs between the enzymes and a snrfactant, solntion of these ion pairs in an organic solvent followed by addition of vii rl monomers, a crosshnker, and an initiator to give the desired vinyl polymer with the entrapped enzymes. 

In a similar way, other derivatives of diamines (S,S)-28 and (R,R)-29 were evaluated for their gelation properties. As an example, trans-(R,R) 1,2-bis(dodecy-lureido)cyclohexane and trans-(R,R)-1,2-bis(octadecylureido)cyclohexane can cause physical gelation in a wide variety of organic solvents [76]. As an extension of these studies, novel polymerizable organogelators based on tra s-(7 ,7 )-l,2-bis(ur-eido)cyclohexane derivatives have been reported [77]. In these molecules, the presence of methacrylate-functionalized carboxylic acid groups determines the... 

Recent developments in the cross-polymerization of the organic components used in bicontinuous microemulsions ensure the successful formation of transparent nanostruc-tured materials. Current research into using polymerizable bicontinuous microemulsions as a one-pot process for producing functional membranes and inorganic/polymer nanocomposites is highlighted with examples. 

Non-polymerizable monofunctional antioxidants were subsequently used to avoid the problem of homopolymerization of the antioxidant. For example, melt grafting of the two maleated antioxidants, BPM and APM (see below), on PP was shown to lead to high grafting efficiencies (up to 75% in the former and >90% in the latter), which were attributed to the nonpolymerizable nature of the maleate (maleimide) functions.The performance of these antioxidants, especially under extractive organic solvent conditions, was also shown to far exceed that of conventional antioxidants with similar antioxidant function. 

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