Organic micropollutants removal

Matamoros V, Garcia J, Bajona JM (2008) Organic micropollutant removal in a full-scale surface flow constructed wetland fed with secondary effluent. Water Res 42 653-660... 

Jones OAH, Green PG, Voulvoulis N, Lester JN (2007) Questioning the excessive use of advanced treatment to remove organic micropollutants from wastewater. Environ Sci Technol 41 5085-5089... 

Kowal A.L., Krasniewska D., Dziubek A.M. Removal of organic micropollutants in water renovation. Conf., cropollutants of water , Wroclaw 1978. 

Grossman A., P prowicz J. Evaluation of usabihty of PoUsh activated carbons to remove organic micropollutants in water treatment. Conf.. .Activated carbon , Zakopane 1980. 

USE OF ENZYMES TO REMOVE ORGANIC MICROPOLLUTANTS FROM POTABLE WATER... 

Synthetic Organic Micropollutants. Micropollutants that frequently presented in water include chlorobenzenes, PAHs, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and pesticides. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can be degraded effectively by ozone. But oxidation of chlorobenzenes and PCBs is slow by molecular ozone. However, they are more reactive with hydroxyl radicals. Therefore, it is recommended that either ozonation be conducted at high pH or advanced oxidation processes (AOP) be used. As for the pesticides, their removal by ozonation may be related to their water solubility. However, faster degradations are usually obtained with AOP. ... 

Huang et al. [19] explains that based on the operating transmembrane pressure, membranes for water treatment use can be broadly classified as high pressure and low pressure. The latter are operated at relatively low transmembrane pressures (less than 1-2 bar, typically) and include microfiltration (MF) membranes and UF membranes. With pore sizes ranging from 10 to 100 nm, low-pressure membranes are effective in removing suspended solids and particulates to reduce turbidity and pathogens, but they are not effective for substances such as organic micropollutants. 

Last but not least, nanofiltration, a technique derived from technologies used for removing hazardous organic micropollutants, should be considered as a promising tool for sample preparation methods. 

SPME is an innovative, solvent-free technology that is fast, economical, and versatile, introduced at the end of the 1980s for extracting organic micropollutants from aqueous matrices. It consists of a small, cylindrical polymeric-coated fused-silica fiber, which is immersed in the water sample or in the headspace above the sample for a certain time. The fiber coating removes the compoimds from a sample by two different processes ... 

Micro-, ultra-, and nano-filtration can separate smaller particles using media with defined porous sizes (i.e., 10 1—1 pm in microfiltration, 10 2—10 pm in ultrafiltration, and 10 3— 10 2 pm in nanofiltration). Residual colloidal and suspended solids can be removed by microfiltration. Selected salts, most organic compounds, bacteria, protozoan cysts, oocysts and viruses are removed by nanofiltration, so that the treated water will be disinfected. This advanced filtration is used for the treatment of effluents for indirect potable reuse applications such as groundwater injection, water softening, decoloriza-tion, or removal of micropollution. 

Reemtsma T, Zywicki B, Stueber M, Kloepfer A, and Jekel M. Removal of sulfur-organic polar micropollutants in a membrane bioreactor treating industrial wastewater. Environ Sci Technol. 2002 36 1102-1106. 

Kurbiel J., Broniewska K. Removal of organic trace impurities in physicochemical processes of water treatment. Conf. Micropollutants ofV ter, Wroclaw 1978. 

The role in adsorbing organics has been studied in the case of micropollutants [7]. These very divided solids remove only 30% of dibuthylphtalate molecules present in the surface water. 

Water treatment by granular activated carbon (GAC) filters is an effective technology for removing dissolved organic compounds. GAC filters are therefore applied for drinking water purification as well as decontamination of polluted water, as for example in pump and treat procedures. Unfortunately, removal capacity towards micropollutants is often reduced by natural organic matter (NOM) in water due to competitive interaction on GAC adsorption sites. 

Reverse Osmosis (RO) is used primarily in desalination, or for waters where micropollutants are difficult to remove with other processes. RO removes both mono- and multivalent ions. However, for surface waters no full demineralisation is usually required and NF is more economic at a similar organics removal. 

This brief overview illustrates the importance of operating conditions and the presence of natural organics on micropollutant rejection. Once again, solute-solute interactions are critical in the determination of removal of specific compounds. This highlights the importance of studying holistic systems, rather than single model compounds. 

Pretreatment processes need to be optimised for their adsorption capacity of natural organics and micropollutants. While most adsorptive processes are selective towards a certain fraction, there may be options to enhance the removal of the smaller and more hydrophilic compounds as well as that of naicropoUutants. 

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