Organic compounds nitroaromatics

Higson FK. 1992. Microbial degradation of nitroaromatic compounds. Adv AppI Microbiol 37 1-19 Hine J, Mookerjee PK. 1975. The intrinsic hydrophilic character of organic compounds Correlations... 

In this paper, the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of organic compounds from sand spiked with 36 nitroaromatic compounds, 19 haloethers, and 42 organochlorine pesticides, and from a standard reference material certified for 13 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), dibenzofuran, and pentachlorophenol was examined using a two- and a four-vessel extractor. Although the results achieved by SFE for the sand and the standard reference soil samples were very encouraging, previous data obtained in our laboratory on the standard reference soil and a few other standard reference marine sediments were less favorable. It was therefore decided that an investigation of seven variables for their influence on the analyte recoveries from the standard soil sample would be useful. Two tests were conducted in which these variables were investigated. In Test 1, the seven variables selected were pressure, temperature, moisture content, cell volume, sample size, extraction time, and modifier volume. In Test 2, the seven variables were pressure, temperature, volume of toluene added to the matrix, volume of solvent in the collection vessel,... 

The effect of long-range electron transfer on chemiluminescence of the hexanuclear cluster ion Mo6Cl f in the presence of three series of structurally and electronically related organic compounds (aromatic amine radical cations A+, nitroaromatic... 

Other materials were also employed to construct electrodes for amperometric detection. For instance, a boron-doped diamond (BOD) electrode was used for amperometric detection of nitroaromatic explosives, organophosphate nerve agents, and phenols. The BOD electrode offers enhanced sensitivity, lower noise, negligible adsorption of organic compounds, and low sensitivity to oxygen [760], In addition, a copper particle-modified carbon composite electrode was used for amperometric detection of glucose in a PDMS chip [761]. 

In addition to using the absolute intensities of the atomic emission lines, the peak intensity ratios of these lines have been used to analyze samples. Tran et al. [77] analyzed the atomic intensity ratios of several organic compounds with the hope to determine the empirical formula of a compound based on the ratios from several elements. Calibration curves were built based on C H, C 0, and C N atomic emission ratios from various compounds that covered a wide range of stoichiometries. Then, four compounds with known stoichiometries were tested against the calibration curves. The ratios determined from the calibration curves were compared with the actual stoichiometries and showed accuracy of 3% on average. In the study of nitroaromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon samples, the ratios between C2 and CN and between O and N of different samples were shown to correlate with the molecular formula [75], Anzano et al. [71] also attribute success of their correlation of plastics to differences in the C/H atomic emission intensity ratio of each sample. 

Many catalytic reactions described in this book depend on carbon monoxide and hydrogen as feedstock chemicals. Hydroformylation (CO + H2) and simple hydrogenation (H2) are typical examples. In many cases carbon monoxide undergoes side reactions, among which the water-gas shift reaction is well studied in terms of the mechanism. This explains why carbon monoxide in the presence of water (e. g., aqueous media) can be used to hydrogenate substrates such as olefins, nitroaromatics, and other unsaturated organic compounds. In a number of industrial processes (e. g., the hydrocarboxylation of ethylene), however, this is an unwanted side reaction. 

Particulates are another source of respiratory irritation when inhaled. In urban environments, diesel exhaust particles and fly ash residue from power plant oil combustion are the main contributors of respirable particulates of less than 10 pm diameter (PM 10). These contain mixtures of lipo-philes and hydrophiles including various metals, acid salts, aliphatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, quinones, nitroaromatic hydrocarbons, andaldehydes. 151 Diesel combustion particulates contain large surface areas that can adsorb large quantities of organic compounds and deliver these to respiratory tract tissue. Other inhaled particulates can adhere to lung surfaces and adsorb and bond other vapors that are inhaled, thereby increasing their toxicities. PM2.5 particulates (those with diameters of less than 2.5 pm) that reach the lower respiratory tract as far as the alveoli are more toxic than PM 10 particulates of the same composition. 16 ... 

Nitroaromatic compounds = Nitrogen-containing organic compounds used worldwide as explosives, pesticides, and as precursors for the manufacture of many products, including dyes, pharmaceuticals, and plastics pathway (e.g., 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene... 

THF and methanol employed as organic modifiers of mobile phase provided a considerable difference in selectivity based on the polar interactions between solutes and the organic solvent molecules in the stationary phase. Acidic compounds, phenols and nitroaromatics, were preferentially retained in the THF-based mobile phase, whereas esters and ketones were preferentially retained in the methanol (a hydrogen-bond donor) containing mobile phase. The system presented here seems to be very practical because any laboratory possessing two sets of HPLC equipment and two C j g columns can attempt similar 2D HPLC by simply changing the mobile phase for the two dimensions. 

Nitric acid Nitroaromatics, or Nitrobenzene Peroxodisulfuric acid Organic liquids Sodium chlorate Nitrobenzene Tetranitromethane Aromatic nitro compounds Uronium perchlorate Organic materials... 

Jaynes WF, Vance GF (1999) Sorption of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) compounds by hectorite clays exchanged with aromatic organic cations. Clays Clay Miner 47 358-365 Johnston CT, De Oliveira MF, Teppen BJ, Sheng G, Boyd SA (2001) Spectroscopic study of nitroaromatic-smectite sorption mechanisms. Environ Sci Technol 35 4767-4772... 

The NO + 03 chemiluminescent reaction [Reactions (1-3)] is utilized in two commercially available GC detectors, the TEA detector, manufactured by Thermal Electric Corporation (Saddle Brook, NJ), and two nitrogen-selective detectors, manufactured by Thermal Electric Corporation and Antek Instruments, respectively. The TEA detector provides a highly sensitive and selective means of analyzing samples for A-nitrosamines, many of which are known carcinogens. These compounds can be found in such diverse matrices as foods, cosmetics, tobacco products, and environmental samples of soil and water. The TEA detector can also be used to quantify nitroaromatics. This class of compounds includes many explosives and various reactive intermediates used in the chemical industry [121]. Several nitroaromatics are known carcinogens, and are found as environmental contaminants. They have been repeatedly identified in organic aerosol particles, formed from the reaction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with atmospheric nitric acid at the particle surface [122-124], The TEA detector is extremely selective, which aids analyses in complex matrices, but also severely limits the number of potential applications for the detector [125-127],... 

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