Organic chemistry functional group

In organic chemistry functional groups are submolecular structural motifs, characterized by... 

In this section, the oxidation pathways are organized by functional groups analogous to the organization of most organic chemistry textbooks thus making it easier to find what oxidative metabolic pathway would be expected at a specific site on a drug molecule. 

Before the development and widespread application of spectroscopic methods for the elucidation of structure, confirmation of the class type of an unknown organic compound was completed by the preparation of two or more crystalline functional derivatives. If the compounds had been previously reported in the literature, agreement between the published physical constants of the derivatives with those prepared by the worker was accepted as proof of identity. In many cases, and particularly in natural product chemistry, functional group recognition led to oxidative, reductive, or hydrolytic breakdown into smaller carbon-containing fragments. These were, if necessary, separated, characterised and identified by derivative preparation. The reassembly of the jig-saw of fragments inferred by the identity of the fission products, then led to postulated structures. 

The first three chapters constitute a review of bonding and an introduction to organic compounds. Functional groups are introduced. Resonance is covered extensively, and numerous examples are provided. Acid-base chemistry is discussed in Chapter 4, and this reaction is used to introduce many of the general features of reactions, including the effect of structure on reactivity. Nomenclature of all of the functional groups is covered in Chapters 5 and 12. In this edition, stereochemistry is covered in two chapters to break up the material Chapter 6 discusses cis trans isomers and conformations, and Chapter 7 addresses chiral molecules. 

After consulting these three single-volume references, one would turn to more comprehensive multivolume sources such as the Dictionary of Organic Compounds, Fifth Edition. This dictionary, still known as Heilbron, the name of its former editor, now comprises seven volumes of specific information, with primary literature references, on the synthesis, reactions, and derivatives of more than 50,000 compounds. Rodd s Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, another valuable multivolume work with primary literature references, is organized by functional group rather than in dictionary form. Elsevier s Encyclopedia of Organic Compounds in about twenty volumes is an incomplete reference work on the chemical and physical properties of compounds. It is useful for those areas it covers. References to Elsevier are found in the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 

Chemistry, Physical organic. 2. Functional groups. I. Patai, Saul. II. Series. 

We learned in Chapter 2 that our study of organic chemistry can be organized around functional groups. Now we consider the hydrocarbon framework to which functional groups are attached—the framework that consists of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. 

In this chapter, all of the major functional groups in organic chemistry that you might reasonably be expected to encounter are represented. While you could choose to attempt to memorize them all now, their presentation here is not (necessarily) for that purpose but rather to provide you with a feeling for the diversity and richness of the banquet you have yet to enjoy and to introduce you to organization by functional group. 

N-Phosphoryl Substituted Phosphoranimines. In addition to being use l as condensation "monomers Scheme 2), the N-silylphosphoranimines have a rich and varied chemistry of their own. Three distinct modes of reactivity Scheme 5) are well documented. Cleavage of the Si-N bond is typified by a series of transsilylation reactions with substituted chlorosilanes (75) while the deprotonation-substitution chemistry has led to a wide variety of P-CH2-E derivatives containing silyl, 16) phosphinyl, (77) and organic 18) functional groups. Some of these latter reactions serve as useful model systems for similar derivative chemistry of the preformed phosphazene polymers such as [Me(Ph)P=N]n. 6)... 

Table 1. Reaciivicy of reducing agents towards functional groups (adapted from J. B. Hendrickson, O. J. Cram, and G. S. Hammond, Organic Chemistry, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill 1970, with modi(icaiiotis. ...

Thionyl chloride and phosphorus tribromide are specialized reagents used to bring about particular functional group transformations For this reason we won t present the mechanisms by which they convert alcohols to alkyl halides but instead will limit our selves to those mechanisms that have broad applicability and enhance our knowledge of fundamental principles In those instances you will find that a mechanistic understand mg IS of great help m organizing the reaction types of organic chemistry... 

Functional group transformations of epoxides rank among the fundamental reactions of organic chemistry and epoxides are commonplace natural products The female gypsy moth for example attracts the male by emittmg an epoxide known as disparlure On detechng the presence of this pheromone the male follows the scent to its ongm and mates with the female... 

Section 8 1 Nucleophilic substitution is an important reaction type m synthetic organic chemistry because it is one of the mam methods for functional group transformations Examples of synthetically useful nucleophilic sub stitutions were given m Table 8 1 It is a good idea to return to that table and review its entries now that the details of nucleophilic substitution have been covered... 

Aldol condensations are one of the fundamental carbon-carbon bond forming processes of synthetic organic chemistry Furthermore because the products of these aldol con densations contain functional groups capable of subsequent modification access to a host of useful materials is gamed... 

The chemistry of carboxylic acids is the central theme of this chapter The impor tance of carboxylic acids is magnified when we realize that they are the parent com pounds of a large group of derivatives that includes acyl chlorides acid anhydrides esters and amides Those classes of compounds will be discussed m Chapter 20 Together this chapter and the next tell the story of some of the most fundamental struc tural types and functional group transformations m organic and biological chemistry... 

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