Organic array

Chemists would like to invent molecules that assemble themselves into specific, we 11-organized arrays. Recently there have been some exciting successes. Our inset is a molecular view of a self-assembled molecular wreath. This organized sfructure forms when four molecular chains weave themselves together in the presence of 12 copper cations. Self-assembling molecular systems could lead to new materials with useful properties. They may also shed light on how life originated. 

A variety of formats for protein arrays are possible. For example, a set of antibodies can be gridded on a filter or slide and used to detect protein expression levels (Pandey and Mann, 2000). Another type of array consists of proteins from an organism arrayed directly on to a glass slide, nylon filter or in microtiter wells (MacBeath and Schreiber, 2000). This format could be used to map protein-protein interactions or to associate a catalytic function with a protein. 

Thus, within the context of the Newtonian force atom and the caloric theory of heat, solids, liqitids, and gases were all viewed as organized arrays of particles produced by a static equilibrium between the attractive interparticle forces, on the one hand, and the repulsive intercaloric forces, on the other. The sole difference was that the position of eqitilibriitm became greater as one passed from the solid to the liqitid to the gas, due to the increasing size of the caloric envelopes siuToittrding the component atoms (Figures 5 and 6). 

In addition to the highly organized arrangement of actin and myosin filaments in muscle (discussed in detail in Squire et al., 2005), there are also highly organized arrays of microtubules in the cilia and flagella of eukaryotes that either pass fluid across the cell surface or act as the propellers for spermatazoa (Fig. IB). Ordered arrays of actin also occur in microvilli on the surfaces of cells from the brush border of intestinal epithelia. Here, the highly cross-linked actin arrays appear to be tensioned by interaction with myosin at the bases of the microvilli in the terminal web (Fig. 2B). 

Oxtoby, N. S., Blake, A. J., Champness, N. R., Wilson, C., Water superstructures within organic arrays, Hydrogen-bonded water sheets, chains and clusters. Chem. Eur. J. 2005, 11, 4643-4654. 

The properties of zeotype host-guest composites described above - i e, spatial organization, protection and stabilization of guest species - will become more important as molecules exhibit further properties that are essential for their use as materials. The well-developed synthetic methods for molecular compounds allow the preparation of designed molecular entities that possess predictable properties. However, no such thoroughly elaborated synthetic methods are available for the construction of organized arrays of functional molecules in their solid structures [36]. This is cumbersome since often the arrangement of the molecules in their solid compounds is detrimental to the effects (e g. non-linear optical, ferroelectric, electro-optical) that are to be exploited in materials. For example, many structures of molecules in the solid state are centrosymmetric. Also, molecular... 

Fig. 4.n. TEM micrographs showing hexagonal arrays of thiolized Pd nanocrystals (a) Pdssi octanethiol (b) Pdi4i5, octanethiol. Organized arrays of these nanocrystals extend to lengths over several microns. 

The core of this mechanism is that the interaction of organic and inorganic materials determines the product structure. The cooperative formation of the inorganic-organic interface can be expected to create new organic array configurations. 

Giniei(<4, P) accounts for the van der Waals and electrostatic effects associated with inorganic-organic array interactions. 

Lin and co-workers [177] have studied self-constructing arrays of individual Fe-l,2,4-benzenetricarboxyhc acid (Fe-tmla) complexes on a Cu(lll) substrate, produced by OMBE deposition of precursor tmla adlayers and iron atoms in ultrahigh vacuum. These selfconstructed metal-organic arrays (of four tmla molecules per one Fe atom) form large homochiral monolayers (i.e. both S and R chirality are found) extending laterally up to 200 nm. 

Life is an organized array of large, carbon-based molecules maintained by biochemical reactions. To understand and appreciate the nature of a living being, we must understand the principles of science and chemistry as they apply to biological molecules. 

Fig.8. Cyt c on gold adsorbed from 10 M cyt c and 20 mM MES buffer (pH = 7). Upper left Organized arrays of 50 nm lateral extent. Constant current mode. It = 1.8 nA. Structures resembling individual cyt c moleculesadsorbed on gold between larger cyt c aggregates. Bottom Height profile of the structures at tiie upper right.

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