Orange components

Dye blends—One of the reactive dyes, a scarlet, was a b1 end, composed of an orange component and a red component. The orange and red components exhausted at different percentages, thus blocking analysis and dye blend adds. The dye manufacturer provided Georgia Tech on a confidential basis with a detailed analysis of the dye blend, allowing reuse analysis and adds of the individual components. 

Molybdate orange and red are pigments (qv) that contain lead(II) molybdate [10190-33-3], PbMoO, formulated in mixed phases with PbCrO and PbSO. The mixed phase is more intensely colored than any of the component phases. Concerns about lead content are lessening the use of these materials (see also Paint). Various organic dyes are precipitated with heteropolymolybdates. This process allows the fixation of the dye in various fabrics. The molybdenum anion generally imparts light stabiHty to the colorant as weU (91). 

Exceptions to the simple definition of an essential oil are, for example, gadic oil, onion oil, mustard oil, or sweet birch oils, each of which requires enzymatic release of the volatile components before steam distillation. In addition, the physical process of expression, appHed mostly to citms fmits such as orange, lemon, and lime, yields oils that contain from 2—15% nonvolatile material. Some flowers or resinoids obtained by solvent extraction often contain only a small portion of volatile oil, but nevertheless are called essential oils. Several oils are dry-distiUed and also contain a limited amount of volatiles nonetheless they also are labeled essential oils, eg, labdanum oil and balsam oil Pern. The yield of essential oils from plants varies widely. Eor example, nutmegs yield 10—12 wt % of oil, whereas onions yield less than 0.1% after enzymatic development. 

Orange Flower (Neroli) Oil. "The rose we call the queen of flowers, the jasmin the fairest and prettiest princess, but the orange flower is the most fragile and dainty of out royal family of flowers. If the rose stirs our memories, the jasmin our hopes, the orange flower stirs sentiments—sentiments most romantic " (14). Commercial neroh oil [8016-38 J is obtained by steam distillation of the freshly picked blossoms of the bitter orange Citrus aurantium L. subspecies amara, which is cultivated in Mediterranean countries as well as in Haiti and several other tropical countries. More than 125 components have been identified in the oil the principal ones are shown in Table 4 and Figure 1. 

Component CAS Registry Number Stmcture number In creamy, % In golden-orange, %... 

Table 26. Comparison of Components of Spanish and Italian Bitter Orange Oils ...

Secondary Disazo Dyes. There are about 250 dyes of known constitutions in this group. They are made by diazotizing an aminoazo compound, the amino group of which derives from the original coupling component and coupling it to a suitable intermediate. Intrasil Orange YBLH... 

Of these dyes, Acid Yellow 151 (37) still has the greatest market among the yellows. As reported by USITC, production had increased to 1989 tons in 1985 from 706 tons in 1975. It is produced by coupling diazotized 2-amino-l-phenol-4-sulfonamide to acetoacetanilide followed by metallizing with cobalt to obtain a 1 2 cobalt complex. Acid Orange 24 (38), which is sulfanilic acid coupled to resorcinol to which diazotized mixed xyUdines have been coupled, is an unsymmetrical primary diasazo dye with a bihinctional coupling component. 

Direct Oranges. AU principal commercially produced direct oranges are of disazo or stUbene chemical composition (Table 5). Direct Orange 102 (65) (R = COO Na+ ), is manufactured by first coupling aniline to 6,6 -ureylenebis-l-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid foUowed by a second coupling with /)-aminobenzoic acid [150-13-0]. 6,6 -Ureylenebis-l-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid [134-47-4] is the coupling component in many of the most important direct colors. It is produced by phosgenation of two moles of J-acid (6-ainino-l-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid). 

Ah. the heterocychc coupling components that provide commercially important azo dyes contain only nitrogen as the hetero atom. They are indoles (31), pyrazolones (32), and especially pyridones (33) they provide yeUow to orange dyes for various substrates. 

Pyrazolones. Pyrazolones are used as coupling components since they couple readily at the 4-position under alkaline conditions to give important azo dyes in the yeUow-orange shade area. 

The presence of tubercles is usually obvious. Friable brown and orange nodular encrustations on mild steel and cast iron cooling water components are almost always tubercles (Figs. 3.12 through 3.14). The presence of a crust, shell, core, cavity, and corroded floor are definitive (Fig. 3.3). Careful analysis can provide considerable information concerning growth, chemical composition, and associated metal loss. 

Fig. 60 Chromatogram of a 6 dyestuff mixture made up (according to falling Rf values) of Sudan red 7B, Sudan orange G, Sudan black B, Sudan yellow, Artisil blue 2RP and Sudan black B (2 components) under different humidity conditions. From left to right 72, 65, 47, 42, 32,18, 14 and 9% relative humidity layer silica gel 60 mobile phase toluene.

An alkene, sometimes caJled an olefin, is a hydrocarbon that contains a carbon-carbon double bond. Alkenes occur abundantly in nature. Ethylene, for instance, is a plant hormone that induces ripening in fruit, and o-pinene is the major component of turpentine. Life itself would be impossible without such alkenes as /3-carotene, a compound that contains 11 double bonds. An orange pigment responsible for the color of carrots, /3-carotene is a valuable dietary source of vitamin A and is thought to offer some protection against certain types of cancer. 

There is a large number of heteroaromatic coupling components of very different structural types. l-Aryl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolones have been widely used for yellow and orange monoazo dyes since the end of the 19th century. Other types have become important as a source of new industrially produced dyes in the last two decades. In reviews on industrial aspects (e.g., Schwander, 1982) these coupling components are classified not on the basis of their structures, but from the viewpoint of what is important for tinctorial properties of the dyes obtained with these types of coupling components. Here we will use a structural approach to systematization. 

Some alloys are softer than the component metals. The presence of big bismuth atoms helps to soften a metal and lower its melting point, much as melons would destabilize a stack of oranges because they just do not fit together well. A low-melting-point alloy of lead, tin, and bismuth is employed to control water sprinklers used in certain fire-extinguishing systems. The heat of the fire melts the alloy, which activates the sprinklers before the fire can spread. 

Commercial elemental sulfur is usually of bright-yellow color at 20 °C [36]. Pure orthorhombic a-Ss is, however, of greenish-yellow color at 20 °C but totally colorless at 77 K while commercial sulfur often remains pale-yellow at this temperature [59]. The reasons for this different behavior are twofold. Commercial samples are never pure Ss but besides traces of organic impurities they always contain Sy in concentrations of between 0.1 and 0.5% [59]. Sulfur found as a mineral in Nature sometimes also contains Sy but in addition traces of selenium are quite often present (up to 680 ppm Se, probably as SySe molecules) [60]. These minor components influence the color of the samples at ambient and low temperatures in the sense that a more orange-type of yellow ( egg-yellow ) is recognized. 

Very approximately the S2O content of a gas mixture can be estimated from the color of the condensate at -196 °C in a glass trap (provided that all other components are colorless at this temperature). Due to the formation of highly colored decomposition products the condensate is yellow at <2 mol% S2O, orange-yellow at 5-10%, orange at 20-30%, cherry-red at 40-70%, and dark-red at >85% [10]. These colors [14] are caused by small sulfur molecules like S3 and 84 [15, 16] as well as by sulfur radicals formed in the radical-chain polymerization of S2O to polysulfuroxides (S 0)x and SO2 [10, 17] ... 

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