Optimizing Designs

Smith, R., and Jones, P. S., The Optimal Design of Integrated Evaporation Systems, Heat Recovery Systems and CHP, 10 341, 1990. 

Factorial design methods cannot always be applied to QSAR-type studies. For example, i may not be practically possible to make any compounds at all with certain combination of factor values (in contrast to the situation where the factojs are physical properties sucl as temperature or pH, which can be easily varied). Under these circumstances, one woul( like to know which compounds from those that are available should be chosen to give well-balanced set with a wide spread of values in the variable space. D-optimal design i one technique that can be used for such a selection. This technique chooses subsets o... 

Eurther research on convective transport under low Reynolds number, quasicontinuum conditions is needed before the optimal design of such a micro heat exchanger is possible. The cooling heat exchanger is usually thermally linked to a relatively massive substrate. The effects of this linkage need to be explored and accurate methods of predicting the heat-transfer and pressure-drop performance need to be developed. 

Until the 1970s, solar ponds were constmcted and operated as more of an art than a science. Since then, rising land value, environmental conscientiousness, limited space, and rising costs have forced a scientific approach to solar pond optimization, design, and operation to make ponds more productive. 

D. J. Wdde, Globally Optimal Designs Wdey-Interscience, New York, 1978. 

Optimal design of ammonia synthesis by differential equation solution and a numerical gradient search... 

Shahinpoor, M., H.S. Lausen, J.L. Wise, J.R. Asay, C.H. Konrad, and R.D. Harday (1985), Ballistics Computer Code Manupulation for Optimal Design and Operation of Two-Stage Light Gas Guns, SNL—Solid Dynamics Department, Quarterly Report, October 1985. 

The choice of a turboexpander load may be influenced by the desire to optimize refrigeration. In other words, a dynamometer load may be chosen over a generator load due to speed considerations. Additionally, there are other constraints imposed on optimal design. Factors such as impeller peripheral velocity (tip speed), bearing design, axial load balance, material selection, and manufacturing methods (which have greatly improved in the recent decades) all have an influence. 

The use of probabilistie eoneepts in struetural steelwork design eould potentially reduee material eosts by delivering optimized designs with standard seetion sizes, sueh seetions being typieally used in large volumes and repetitive applieations. Here we will demonstrate this point by seleeting the optimum seetion size for a given situation where a standard struetural member must be utilized. 

The above results are based on data obtained for optimized designs and under ideal test conditions. To translate our findings to the real world, one must factor in liquid and vapor maldistribution, which is far more detrimental to the efficiency of packings than trays. In addition. one also must account for poor optimization or restrictive internals, which are far more detrimental to the capacity of trays than packings. We also have cited several other factors that need to be considered when translating the findings of our analysis to real-world towers. ... 

Catalytic crackings operations have been simulated by mathematical models, with the aid of computers. The computer programs are the end result of a very extensive research effort in pilot and bench scale units. Many sets of calculations are carried out to optimize design of new units, operation of existing plants, choice of feedstocks, and other variables subject to control. A background knowledge of the correlations used in the "black box" helps to make such studies more effective. 

Omoleye, J. A., Adesina, A. A., and Udegbunam, E. O., Optimal design of nonisothermal reactors Derivation of equations for the rate-temperature conversion profile and the optimum temperature progression for a general class of reversible reactions, Chem. Eng. Comm., Vol. 79, pp. 95-107, 1989. 

Richburg, A. and El-Halwagi, M. M. (1995). A graphical approach to the optimal design of heat-induced separation networks for VOC recovery. AlChE Symp. Ser., 91(304), 256-... 

El-Halwagi, M. M., El-Halwagi, A. M., and Manousiouthakis, V. (1992). Optimal design of dephenolization networks for petroleum-refinery wastes. Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. 70, Part 8,131-139. 

Hamad, A. A., Garrison, G. W., Crabtree, E, W., and El-Halwagi, M. M. (1996), Optimal Design of Hybrid Separation Systems for Waste Reduction, Fifth World Congress of Chemical Engineers, Vol. Ill, pp. 453-458, San Diego, California. 

EJ-Haiwagi, M. M. (1993). Optimal design of membrane hybrid systems for waste reduction. Sep. Sci. TechnoL, 28(1-3), 283-307. 

Fan, L. T., Erickson, L. E., Sucher, R. W., and Mathad, G. S. (1965). Optimal design of a sequence of continuous-flow stiired-tank reactors with product recycle. Ind Eng Chem., 4, 432—440. 

This short outiine suggests that it is difficult to find Optimal design para-meters for air curtains. CFD may provide a more effective design method for air curtains (see Chapter 13). There are some published articles applying CFD to air jets, but comparison with experimental data is lacking. 

For the first kind of application, the focus is on certain elements of the HVAC component under consideration. The simulation is used to study and optimize design-specific aspects such as the pipe size and spacing or wetted area and fin geometry in a heat exchanger. This kind of modeling requires detailed knowledge on many input parameters and the related physical processes. 

Are measures taken to simplify, optimize designs, reduce waste, and minimize risks ... 

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