Operator future plant

Nuclear waste disposal. The resolution of the socio-political issue of nuclear waste disposal, necessary for the-development of nuclear power, may appear more difficult than it is from the purely scientific or engineering viewpoint. However, this issue should be resolved not only for future plants, but also for existing plants which are operating now. 

The laying out of a plant is still an art rather than a science. It involves the placing of equipment so that the following are minimized (1) damage to persons and property in case of a tire or explosion (2) maintenance costs (3) the number of people required to operate the plant (4) other operating costs (5) construction costs (6) the cost of the planned future revision or expansion. 

The use of fossil fuels to meet variable electrical demands may be limited in the future because of concerns about the price of natural gas and climate change. With any deep reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, carbon dioxide emissions will likely be limited to transportation, consumer products and other mobile applications - not stationary applications such as peak power production. While carbon dioxide from fossil power plants may be sequestered underground, such fossil power plants are likely to be uneconomic for the production of intermediate and peak electricity because of their high capital costs (MIT, 2007) and the difficulties in operating such plants with variable output. 

The Demonstration Programme is now almost finished and the results are being evaluated and reports produced. Studies concerning future plants based on the experience gained at Vamamo are also being performed and these will present expected investment costs as well as operating costs for the next generation of demonstration and commercial plants. 

In parallel to the test runs an extensive work to estimate investment, operational and maintenance cost for future plants, based on experiences from the Varnamo plant have been performed. 

The energy consumption involved could represent a substantial constituent of the future plant operating costs. The quality of the fluid flow can also have a profound effect on the efficiency of the various pieces of equipment operating in the process plant. For instance, the efficiency of heat transfer is strongly dependent on the characteristics of the flow within the heat exchanger involved. In distillation and absorption colunms effective mass transfer depends on the characteristics of the fluid flow within the equipment. 

The emission control requirements of the existing as well as future regulations require an understanding of the NO c-emitting sources, pollution prevention opportunities, emission reduction technologies, costs of controls, and impacts on existing operations and plant safety. This entry discusses a number of aspects of NOx control ... 

Worldwide, 430 nuclear plants generate about 17% of all electricity. In France, nuclear s share is 79% in Japan it is 28%. Whereas there has not been a new nuclear plant ordered in the United States since 1978, there were 24 nuclear power plants worldwide under construction in 2005 (ElA 2006c). Many countries have ambitious plans to build more plants. China, with just nine plants currently in operation, plans on building as many as 25 new plants by 2025. Given the potential size of the Chinese market, reactor vendors from several countries are actively pursuing Chinese contracts, with the hope that China will use their designs for future plants. 

At such a point, an agonizing reappraiseLL of the whole instrumentation and control package Is generally Initiated to determine the proper course of action with respect to plant life and future plant operation The objective of this report is to begin this appraisal and outline a course of action ... 

Implementation of MOC procedure after PHA study is essential to capture safe implementation of any design and procedure changes performed during the EPC stage Complete update of PSI documents is required for safe plant operation and also future plant revamps... 

A lower gas velocity can result in less pressure drop during in operation— hence lower power consumption, but the equipment is bigger. Initial capital costs will be higher. The design should be optimized on the basis of present and future plant capacity. 

This can ensure smooth production runs, convenience during cleaning and carrying out maintenance safe working while operating the plants and future expansion of plant capacity. 

The development of ISI techniques and repair methods is important for the operating reactors but the programme also has a longer term perspective for the future plants where designs can be adapted to the promising techniques. 

The objective of the review is to determine whether ageing in a nuclear power plant is being effectively managed so that required safety functions are maintained, and whether an effective ageing management programme is in place for future plant operation. 

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