OPEN Modelling Interface

The distinction of declarative and procedural representations is directly related to the classification of the models from the point of view of an external solver [303], Open-form model representations provide interfaces to access the full equation system of the model, for example, in form of a CAPE-OPEN equation set object [894], Alternatively, the closed-form model representation provides interfaces which only enable to set inputs and to retrieve outputs of the model. Typically, declarative representations require an external solver and use an open-form interface, whereas procedural representations come with an integrated solver and usually have an interface of the closed-form type. 

In section 12.3.4, we will discuss a wide class of constitutive models that are broadly known as cohesive surface models. These models postulate the existence of an elastic potential that can be used to describe sliding and opening of interfaces. 

F ifiure 16.17. Formation of interfacial disItKations (at the model laminate, (b) tcrwion causes tFie j>ap to open, (c) interface cracking starts, (d) healing begins, (e) healing is complete. 

Ether extracts were analyzed via GC/MS. A Varian Model 3700 gas chromatograph was used with a 0.32 mm id x 15 m fused silica column coated with a 1 micron film of DB-5. The following oven conditions were employed 5 min at 60 C then 5 C/min to 230 C and a final hold of 10 min. The column effluent was passed through an open split interface into a Finnigan model 705 Ion Trap Mass spectrometer. Identifications were achieved by comparison of the generated spectra to those of the NBS Library Compilation or to published spectra. Relative concentrations of the products were determined using the Ion Trap quantitation program. 

The Exposure Models Library may be accessed either with the DOS EML interface program or with an HTML browser program such as Netscape or Microsoft Internet Explorer. To use the DOS EML interface and to access the IMES, enter the drive letter of your CD ROM drive, set the default directory to EML and then enter EML (e.g D CD EML EML). From the menu, run or download the available models of IMES to your hard disk. Also you may access EML directories with your HTML browser by opening the EMLINTRO.HTM file in the root directory. The HTML... 

MIM or SIM [82-84] diodes to the PPV/A1 interface provides a good qualitative understanding of the device operation in terms of Schottky diodes for high impurity densities (typically 2> 1017 cm-3) and rigid band diodes for low impurity densities (typically<1017 cm-3). Figure 15-14a and b schematically show the two models for the different impurity concentrations. However, these models do not allow a quantitative description of the open circuit voltage or the spectral resolved photocurrent spectrum. The transport properties of single-layer polymer diodes with asymmetric metal electrodes are well described by the double-carrier current flow equation (Eq. (15.4)) where the holes show a field dependent mobility and the electrons of the holes show a temperature-dependent trap distribution. 

The first simulations of the collapsar scenario have been performed using 2D Newtonian, hydrodynamics (MacFadyen Woosley 1999) exploring the collapse of helium cores of more than 10 M . In their 2D simulation MacFadyen Woosley found the jet to be collimated by the stellar material into opening angles of a few degrees and to transverse the star within 10 s. The accretion process was estimated to occur for a few tens of seconds. In such a model variability in the lightcurve could result for example from (magneto-) hydrodynamic instabilities in the accretion disk that would translate into a modulation of the neutrino emission/annihilation processes or via Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities at the interface between the jet and the stellar mantle. 

Returning to our introductory remarks about the existence of various models for the oxide/solution interface, It may be appropriate to point out that the results of very relevant experiments based on electrokinetic measurements are often not used in conjunction with titration data. Granted that there may be additional difficulties in identifying the precise location the slipping plane and hence the significance of the electrokinetic c potential may be open to debate, both titration and electrokinetic data ought to be combined where possible to elucidate the behaviour of the oxide/solution Interface. 

Zone models may estimate the upper and lower layer temperature, the interface location between zones, the oxygen concentration, the carbon monoxide concentration, the visibility, and flows in and out of openings in the compartment as a function of time. This information may be useful for evaluating the tenability of a compartment or determining when flashover may occur in a space. A zone model may look at one room with a single opening or multiple rooms with many openings. 

Fig. 3. Traditional" binding site model compared to the Spider model of PPI. In traditional binding sites, the scaffold is part of the cavity and gives major contribution to the ligand binding affinity whereas at the protein-protein interface, the scaffold is more open to bulk solvent and plays the role of a connector ( C ) of highly interacting chemical groups anchoring to hot spots of the cavity of one of the protein partner.

The interfacial diffusion model of Scott, Tung, and Drickamer is somewhat open to criticism in that it does not take into account the finite thickness of the interface. This objection led Auer and Murbach (A4) to consider a three-region model for the diffusion between two immiscible phases, the third region being an interface of finite thickness. These authors have solved the diffusion equations for their model for several special cases their solutions should be of interest in future analysis of interphase mass transfer experiments. 

In the past decade, many new techniques have been developed and applied to the study of interfaces. While earlier measurements involved only macroscopic characteristics of the interface (e.g., surface charge, surface tension, and overall potential drop), new spectroscopic techniques have opened a window to the microstructure of the interface, and insight at the atomic level in this important region is now possible. Parallel to these discoveries and supported by them, more realistic theoretical models of the interface have been developed that combine quantum mechanical theories of metal surfaces and the statistical mechanics of solutions. 

---