Open ends Production cost

The present paper describes the most important progress that has been made within the understanding of the atmospheric chemistry of mercury within the application of theoretical calculations and experimental studies for determination of reaction coefficients and mechanisms with halogens and other reactants. There are still large uncertainties to cope with before a reliable description of dynamics and fate of mercury can be established. Theoretical calculations represent a very cost effective method to get the first information about rate constants, reaction products and as to what experimentalists should examine. Finally, theoretical calculations can document that we actually have a full understanding of the fundamental processes of atmospheric mercury. The study of lO [53] in the Antarctic opens the possibility that 1 and lO plays an important role in the oxidation of Hg . These reaction mechanisms should continue to be studied in the field and with theoretical methods. As most laboratory studies of the oxidation mercury in the atmosphere are carried out at room temperature it is very important that theoretical calculations state the temperature dependence of the various reaction steps and the thermally stability of the reaction intermediates and end products. 

Fundamental research creates important knowledge that the industry need for new apphcations and for any further needs arise by the community.Open-ended exploratory research is the first step that can lead to the social and economic benefits. The time fine for the production of a new polyolefin material is shown in Fig. 1.3, which starts from (i) research, (ii) new polyolefin material or polyolefin composite, (iii) production, (iv) high production, (v) mature production, and (vi) cost reduction. 

Biocomposites usefulness is no longer in question and more and more reports are focused on applicative aspects in the environment, packaging, agriculture devices, biomedical fields, etc. Moreover, because industrials were concerned about sustainable developments and a controlled end of life, production cost of biopolymers goes on decreasing which will allow strong developments of biopolymer-based materials. Therefore, these materials will be technically and financially competitive towards synthetic polymer-based composites. Then, this class of material opens a new dimension for plastic industry for a better sustainable development. 

Between closed and open cultivation systems, open ponds have the advantage of being cheaper to operate.They require less energy to operate, are easier to clean and maintenance is less expensive on average. Regardless of the end product, for an operation to be feasible, costs must be kept as low as possible in order for the operation to be sustainable. 

Surface-modified rubber particulates constitute the only known reinforcing, elastomeric filler. These rubber particles can be readily combined with polyurethane to manufacture end-products that have reduced raw material costs and, in some cases, better physical properties. This new class of materials promises to open significant new markets for polyurethanes by altering their performance/price ratio and making them more competitive with other materials. 

The time advantage is variously described as speed or responsiveness in practice. Speeding up supply chain processes may help to improve freshness of the end product, or to reduce the risk of obsolete or over-aged stock in the system. Time is an absolute measure, that is, it is not open to interpretation like quality and cost. By following a product through a supply chain, we can discover which processes add value and which add time and cost but no value. We explore this further in Chapter 5, which is about managing time for advantage in the supply chain. 

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