On-target integration

Figure 3. Emission spectra obtained from an induction coupled plasma with an ultrasonic nebulizer (for sample introduction). Aim spectrometer, JACO model with a diffraction grating blazed at 250 nm, and a slit width of 20 pm, was used. The spectral resolution was 10.3 nm/500 channels = 0.0206 nm/channel. (a) Emission spectrum of a 1 pg/l bertjlium, 1% HNOj solution, (b) Emission spectrum of a 1% HN03 blank solution, (c) Difference spectrum obtained by subtracting spectrum (b) from (a). Spectra were obtained after an on-target integration for 8 sec.

ISPD. Rather than vary the scan time, it is preferable to vary the on-target integration time. This can be conveniently accomplished over the range from 16 ms to 120 seconds (with cooling to -20 °C). 

Figure 18. Emission spectra, in the 319.2-329.3-nm spectraI region, obtained from a GSC-484 glass reference sample. Key a, PMT (20-pm slit width, scan rate,0.125 nm/s) b, SPD (16 s of signal on-target integration) and c, SIT (16 s of signal in-memory...

Cytokines are small, short-lived proteins and important mediators of local intercellular communication. They play a key role in integrating responses to a variety of stimuli in immune and inflammatory processes. By binding their cognate receptors on target cells in their immediate vicinity, these molecules participate in many important biological activities including cell proliferation, activation, death and differentiation. In... 

The development of novel pharmaceuticals species is tightly related to the mechanism of interactions between drugs and target integral membrane proteins. Solid-state NMR is highly attractive for these biological systems for two main reasons there is no limitation on molecular mass and it enables to study the membrane protein systems in their native forms. 

Vesicular trafficking and inclusion body formation are both dependent on the integrity of microtubules and other cytoskeletal components. Parkin has been shown to target misfolded tubulin for degradation [251] (figure 4.6B) and to interact with centrosomes upon proteasomal inhibition [252]. Whether this reflects association with specific substrates or co-localization with proteasomes in centrosomes re-... 

Gregoriadis G, Saffle R, Hart SL. High yield incorporation of plasmid DNA within liposomes effect on DNA integrity and transfection efficiency. J Drug Target 1996 3 469 75. 

Essentially, the CARD protocol is based on the deposition of haptenized tyramide molecules in the vicinity of hybridized probes catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase. The success of this technique depends on the integrity of target mRNA in sections and the ability of the probe to penetrate the sections and hybridize with mRNAs. Another requirement is an efficient reporter system capable of revealing low numbers of probe-mRNA hybrids per cell accompanied by low background staining. 

The study of the 0 decay of 0.59s 145Cs was conducted at the TRISTAN mass separator on-line to the high flux reactor at BNL. A detailed description of the TRISTAN facility can be found in reference [GIL81]. The radioactive samples were produced by fissioning a uranium target integrated in a positive surface ionization source.[PI084] In this experiment, the usual Re surface ionizer was replaced with a Ta ionizer. The lower work function of Ta ensured no independent production of Ba from the ion source at a low power operation ( 1200°C). 

For detection of very low light signals, it will be required to extend the number of delays, i.e. the period of "on target" signal integration. In such case the dark noise may be minimized by cooling the OMA. 

An example of the use of a highly specialised cell type to study targeted toxic effects on the cellular metabolism is the recently developed boar spermatozoon motility inhibition test (Andersson et al., 1998). The motility of a spermatozoon depends on the integrity of mitochondrial functions, and thus the action of toxins affecting the energy metabolism is very rapidly detected as reduction of motility. Other end points that can be measured are plasma membrane integrity, astrodome function, and total cellular ATP and NAD reduction. This test has been particularly useful in the detection of certain types of bacterial toxins from various enviromnental and food sources. 

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