On fuller’s earth clay

Diheterolevulosans (difructose dianhydrides) are obtained by refluxing concentrated aqueous solutions of D-fructose.96 97 Chromatography of Cuban blackstrap molasses in a pilot-plant-scale chromatogram on fuller s earth clay did not reveal the presence of these substances.98... 

The concentration of fats and related substances in molasses is low analytical values depend on the extracting solvent.126 These tenaciously retained materials can be removed by fractionation of blackstrap on fuller s earth clay.70 Chromatography on a calcium silicate of the fat fraction of Cuban molasses led to the isolation of melissyl alcohol, a phytosterol fraction, chlorophyll a and a fat fraction containing a glyceride of linoleic acid.70 Stigmasterol and syringic acid are reported as ether-extractable constituents of molasses.127... 

The ether extract of cane molasses yields an acidic substance with the characteristic odor of raw sugar.128 The steam distillation of molasses is stated to yield a rum oil. 129 Fractionation of cane final molasses on fuller s earth clay produces a concentrate with a strong molasses odor.70 The infrared spectra of the volatile portion of this concentrate indicated the absence of hydroxyl and carbonyl and the presence of a substituted benzene structure, of paraffinic methylene and methyl groups, of an acetate group, and of the > C=C < and —C=C— linkages. The presence of a sulfur function is probable. Further chromatography indicated complexity in this volatile concentrate.180... 

Chromatographic Adsorption Series, on Fuller s Earth Clay, of Carbohydrates and Some Related Substances ... 

Fig. 9.—Chromatography on Fuller s Earth Clay of a Fraction from Cuban, Blackstrap Molasses. [The Developer was Azeotropic Ethanol from X to Y, and Etha-nol/Water (90/10) from Y to Z.]...

A variety of catalysts have been examined, comprising protonated acids inciuding phosphoric acid on Fuller s earth, sulphuric acid on the same support, and cation exchange materials. Lewis acids such as aluminium chloride, boron trifiuoride and its etherates, zinc chioride, siiica/aiumina, toluene-4-sulphonic acid and montmorillonite clays have found some application in numerous studies although generally the phosphoric acid system appears to be most favoured. 

Cationic polymerization of cyclosiloxanes is well known but used much less frequently than anionic reactions. The most widely used catalysts include sulfuric acid and its derivatives, alkyl and aryl sulfonic acids and trifluoroacetic acid1 2,1221. Due to their ease of removal, in industrial applications acid catalysts are generally employed on supports such as bentonite clay or Fuller s earth. 

The decontamination efficacy of radioprotective agent aminoethylisothiourea and cystamine on rat skin against SM was comparable to standard decontaminants, such as alco-holate, clay, and Fuller s earth (Knezevic and Tadic, 1996). A mixture containing bovine hemoglobin, gelatin, and poi (a Hawaiian foodstuff) on the hydrolytic kinetics of the mustard simulants, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, 2-chloro-ethyl methyl sulfide and 2-bromoethyl phenyl sulfide, is reported. The kinetic mechanisms and rate constants were dependent upon the mixtures concentration and viscosity (Cemy and Cemy, 1997). 

The reactions of several other minerals which thermally decompose to form mullite have been studied by Si and Al NMR. These include the mica mineral muscovite, which also contained sufficient iron to permit a complementary Fe Mossbauer study (MacKenzie et al. 1987), the hydroxyfluoride mineral topaz (Day et al. 1995) and the semi-amorphous aluminosilicate minerals allophane (MacKenzie et al. 1991) and imogolite (MacKenzie et al. 1989). The same combination of NMR nuclei has been used to study the thermal decomposition of other aluminosilicates including an illite-rich clay (Roch et al. 1998), montmorillonite (Brown et al. 1987), and a related mineral, Fuller s Earth (Drachman et al. 1997). NMR has also been used to study the effect of water vapour on the thermal decomposition of montmorillonite clay compacts (Temuujin et al. 2000a). 

Beyond facial creams, facial masks are usually concentrated particle suspensions and are used to treat and refresh facial skin. The particles are usually kaoli-nite. Fuller s earth, or illite (green clay"), or other clays. The particles are intended to act as exfoliants and also to adsorb oils from the skin. Polymers are added to adjust the feel of the masks on the skin [9]. Other additives span a wide range of materials, including essential oils, vitamins, fruits and vegetables, scents and pharmaceutical (cosmeceutical) additives, such as salicylic acid when added to treat mild acne. Body clays are like facial masks except that a higher concentration of clay is used in the suspension. 

Bleaching Clay. A clay, usually of the bentonite or fuller s earth type, used for decolorizing petroleum products etc. the liquid is allowed to percolate through a layer of the clay, which adsorbs the colouring matter on its surface. 

We continue here and build on the discussions of Sections 1.4.13.1 and 2.4.7 of compounds involving polymers and clay. There is a long history of the application as clay as an absorbent. The medieval occupation of the fuller and his application of fuller s earth is witness to this [ 50 ]. By the early 20 century, fuller s earth was being used for the separation of complex organic (usually biological) compounds [51 ]. It should not be surprising that in time polymer-clay-adsorbent ternary compounds were developed. 

Note One of the first eatalysts was sulfided ZnO/MgO/MoOs, whieh gave low yields. Replaced with WS2, which produced low-octane gasoline. Two vapor phase reactors in series used WSj in the first, with either WS2 on Terrana clay (fuller s earth) or 10% FeFa onkieselguhr in the second to produce high-octane gasoline. 

Attapulgas Clay Company, table entitled, Effect of Mesh and Filter Rate on Efficiency of Fuller s Earth and Bauxite, Oil Gas J., Mar. 30, 1946, p. B-99 also Johnson, W. A., Decolorization of Petroleum Waxes by Adsorbent Percolation, Pet. Processing, September, 1947, p. 673. 

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