Fuller’s earths

The addition of siliceous material e.g., kieselguhr, Fuller s earth, diatom-aceous earth, or powdered pumice) promotes the acid-catalysed dehydration of the alcohol 2-3 g. of siliceous material for each mole of alcohol is recommended. 

Castor oil may be obtained by cold expression of the decorticated seed. The oil is steamed under vacuum to eliminate odors and coagulate the toxic albumin. Fuller s earth or activated charcoal may be used for further purification. 

Hydrolysis is a significant threat to phosphate ester stabiHty as moisture tends to cause reversion first to a monoacid of the phosphate ester ia an autocatalytic reaction. In turn, the fluid acidity can lead to corrosion, fluid gelation, and clogged filters. Moisture control and filtration with Fuller s earth, activated alumina, and ion-exchange resias are commonly used to minimise hydrolysis. Toxicity questions have been minimised ia current fluids by avoiding triorthocresyl phosphate which was present ia earlier natural fluids (38). 

Admixtures are sometimes used to reduce permeabiUty of concrete (80—82). These iaclude pore-filling materials such as chalk. Fuller s earth, or talc water repellents such as mineral oil, asphalt, or wax emulsions organic polymers (acryflc latexes, epoxies) and salts of fatty acids, especially stearates. 

The foremnner of the modern methods of asphalt fractionation was first described in 1916 (50) and the procedure was later modified by use of fuller s earth (attapulgite [1337-76-4]) to remove the resinous components (51). Further modifications and preferences led to the development of a variety of fractionation methods (52—58). Thus, because of the nature and varieties of fractions possible and the large number of precipitants or adsorbents, a great number of methods can be devised to determine the composition of asphalts (5,6,44,45). Fractions have also been separated by thermal diffusion (59), by dialysis (60), by electrolytic methods (61), and by repeated solvent fractionations (62,63). 

Methane, chlorine, and recycled chloromethanes are fed to a tubular reactor at a reactor temperature of 490—530°C to yield all four chlorinated methane derivatives (14). Similarly, chlorination of ethane produces ethyl chloride and higher chlorinated ethanes. The process is employed commercially to produce l,l,l-trichloroethane. l,l,l-Trichloroethane is also produced via chlorination of 1,1-dichloroethane with l,l,2-trichloroethane as a coproduct (15). Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is formed by a complex series of chlorination, cyclization, and dechlorination reactions. First, substitutive chlorination of pentanes is carried out by either photochemical or thermal methods to give a product with 6—7 atoms of chlorine per mole of pentane. The polychloropentane product mixed with excess chlorine is then passed through a porous bed of Fuller s earth or silica at 350—500°C to give hexachlorocyclopentadiene. Cyclopentadiene is another possible feedstock for the production of hexachlorocyclopentadiene. 

Clays are classified into six groups by the U.S. Bureau of Mines (1) kaolin, ball clay, fire clay, bentonite, fuller s earth, and common clay and shale. About half the toimage of clays produced in the United States is in the last category. In terms of monetary value, however, ka olin accounts for about two-thirds of the doUar volume. 

A wide range of clay materials have been used for decolorizing. These may be substantially cmde clay such as fuller s earth, which largely contains montmorillonite as the active clay ingredient, or specially treated attapulgites, montmorillonites, and kaolinites. Proprietary acid activation processes are frequentiy used for production of clay-derived materials of superior performance. 

Siilfuric acid from iron pyrites Paint pigments roasting of metallic oxides Refractory clays calcination of refractory clay to reduce shrinkage Foundry sand removal of carbon from used foundry sand Fullers earth calcination of fuller s-earth material... 

Fuller s earth, oil filter, burned 40 B28 Sugar, granulated 50-55 B26KT... 

Fuller s earth (hydrated aluminosilicate) Petroleum ether, b. 40-60°. 

Diatomaceous earths may resemble the forms of the charcoals. The earths are primarily filter aids, precoats or adsorbents, the hmction of the filter medium being secondary. Fuller s earth and clays are used for decoloring applications diatomaceous earths are used for clarification. The adsorbtivity of diatomaceous earth works in the same fashion as activated carbon, but isotherms (affinity) for many chemical species like the hydrocarbons is weaker. For this reason, activated charcoal or carbon is much preferred in wastewater treatment applications expecially when taste and odor issues are priorities. 

Silicates with layer. structures include some of the most familiar and important minerals known to man, partieularly the clay minerals [such as kaolinite (china clay), montmorillonite (bentonite, fuller s earth), and vermiculite], the micas (e.g. muscovite, phlogopite, and biotite), and others such as chrysotile (white asbestos). 

Cyclooctane Sulfide To 12.5 g (0.06 mole) of the dichlorosulfide in 150 ml of ether is added 1.2 g (0.03 mole) of lithium aluminum hydride in 60 ml of ether at a rate so as to maintain a gentle reflux (about 20 minutes). The mixture is allowed to stand overnight and is then cautiously treated with water to decompose the excess hydride. The mixture is mixed with fuller s earth (Floridin) and is filtered, and the filtrate is dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Filtration of the solution and evaporation of the solvent (rotary evaporator) gives about 7 g of the colorless crystalline solid, mp 170-171°. It may be recrystallized from aqueous methanol, mp 172-173°. 

The most satisfactory test for caramel is to shake with Fuller s earth, as recommended - by Crampton and Simons. If the colour is due to caramel and a grade of I uller s earth is used, which experience has proved suitable, the solution, after filtering, is yellow or colourless. This test does not positively identify the colour, as some other brown substances may give similar reactions, but no such substance is liable to be present in vanilla extract. 

FUllen, n. filling, etc. (see ftUlen) foal colt. Fuller, m. filler loader fountain pen. Fullererde, /. fuller s earth. 

Seifen-erde, /. fuller s earth marl sapona-... 

Walkerde, Walkererde, /, fuller s earth. Walker-distel, /. fuller s teasel, -seife, /. fuller s soap, milling soap, -ton, m. fuller s earth. 

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