On biological process

Although most mRNAs in mammalian cells are very stable (half-lives measured in hours), some mrn over very rapidly (half-lives of 10-30 minutes). In certain instances, mRNA stability is subject to regulation. This has important implications since there is usually a direct relationship between mRNA amount and the translation of that mRNA into its cognate protein. Changes in the stability of a specific mRNA can therefore have major effects on biologic processes. 

Different metal species vary in their biological reactivity.98 99 For example, the free ionic form of a metal may act by substituting a cofactor for a vital enzyme. Hydroxylated metal ions have been suggested to bind to the cell surface and alter the net charge of the cell to reduce its viability.101 Because different species may have different effects on biological processes, some species may be more toxic than others. There is a paucity of information in the literature regarding the relative toxicity of different metal species. 

The pHopt may not reflect the effect of pH on protein activity (or on biological processes) but may be a result of the effect of pH on the ionization(s) of the sub-strate(s). This may be particularly true when utilizing artificial substrates having value(s) significantly dif-... 

Capable of processing highly toxic compounds because the process does not rely on biological processes. 

Finally, research on toxicology may ultimately generate a level of understanding about the effects of chemicals on biological processes sufficient to permit the development of the gen-eralizable testing procedures mentioned earlier. From the viewpoint of the chemicals industry, this would be a great boon, justifying the expenditure of considerable sums of money on research whose immediate applicability appears uncertain. 

The biological implications of the presence of 02 in surface waters is still speculative. The toxicity of 02 is well-documented in other systems (e.g., 100-102) and this relatively reactive radical could have an impact on biological processes, considering its relatively long lifetime and concentration. The concentrations within the cell are even lower than in the media in which they live. 

Domsch KH. 1984. Effects of pesticides and heavy metals on biological processes in soil. Plant Soil 76 367-378. 

Water drops in the atmosphere can contain dissolved ions and organic compounds, and solid dust can condense these drops on its surface. There are a lot of data on the climatic impact of aerosols (Kondratyev et al., 2006a), but their role in the impact on biological processes due to the long-range transport of micro-organisms was studied inadequately. In connection with this, there are some unanswered questions. 

Vanadium has marked influences on cellular growth, cellular oxidation-reduction, and enzyme function. The metal is part of the active site of some enzymes, widely believed to be a required ultra trace nutrient, and is toxic in large amounts. The development of vanadium complexes as therapeutic agents for diabetes and cancer is being actively pursued. Much of the influence of vanadium on biological processes... 

In many respects, chiral compounds have been regarded as special entities within the tine chemical community. As we will see, the possession of chirality does not, in many respects, make the compound significantly more expensive to obtain. Methods for the preparation of optically active compounds have been known for more than 100 years (many based on biological processes). The basic chemistry to a substrate on which an asymmetric transformation is then performed can offer more challenges in terms of chemistry and cost optimization than the exalted asymmetric step. 

Only recently, initiatives have been started to create freely available data sources such as PubChem,36 ChEBI,37 DrugBank,38 and HMDB,39 to mention some of them. These public databases collect publicly available information on compounds, their structures, their physical formulations (e.g., PubChem Substance), their targets, and their effects on biological processes. However, these databases are far from covering the entire spectrum of chemical information that can be linked to biology and pharmacology. 

Medical devices are used for a variety of functions in humans. This review elaborates on the types of tests used to evaluate biocompatibility of the interactions between man-made medical devices and host tissues and organs. The outcome of the response depends on the site of implantation, the species of the host, the genetic makeup of the host, the sterility of the implant, and the effect the device has on biological processes. Biological processes involved in host tissue responses to implantable medical devices reflect activation of a series of cascades that require blood proteins or other components found in the blood. 

Haider. K., and Guggenberger, G. (2005). Soil mineral and organic components impact on biological processes, human welfare, and nutrition. In Soil Abiotic and Biotic Interactions and Impact on the Ecosystem and Human Welfare, ed. Huang, P. M., Violante, A., Bollag, J.-M., and Vityakon, P., Science Pubhshers, Enfield, NH, 3-16. 

S.Z. El-Sayed, F.C. Stephens, R.R. Bidigare, M.E. Ondrusek (1990). Potential effects of solar ultraviolet radiation on Antarctic phytoplankton, UV effects on biological processes. In N.V. Blough, R.G. Zepp, (Eds), Effects of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation on Biogeochemical Dynamics in Aquatic Environments (Technical Report WHOI-90-09, pp. 141-142). Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 

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