Olfactory description

Monoterpene Olfactory description Olfactory perception threshold Org/l-) Concentration (p.g/1) in wines made from ... 

Olfactory Description (What does this perfume smeU like )... 

For instance, as shown in Figs 19.8a, 19.8b and 19.8c, Sweet and Floral are the most often used items in China (Fig. 19.8a) for Olfactory Description and they are also the most quoted items in the US and France (Figs 19.8h and 19.8c). 

Concerning Olfactory Description, Fruity, Fresh and Powdery were used in the three countries. In the same way, Relaxed, Happy and Comfortable were cross-cutting items for Emotion, Bath.Shower, Garden.Park, Flowers and Love.Romance for Mental Images and Young, Working person and Sport for... 

For instance, relating to respectively Olfactory Description and Emotions Elegant and Delighted were only used by Chinese, Spicy and Smooth by French and... 

Results of the Associated Emotions profile. As regards the Emotions, G is apart from H and 1 for France and China, unlike the Olfactory positioning. And for France, C is apart from women s fragrances and E from men s fragrances. Moreover, clusters slightly break up for France. (Fig. 19.12). The perception of these perfumes through emotions has evolved versus the strictly olfactory description, into an even finer discrimination for French consumers. 

Regarding the global Olfactory description, there is a quite good consensus among the three countries. 

For instance, French people are the only one who use Spicy for Olfactory Description, Trip/Holidays/Sun/Women for Mental Images and Elegance/Class for Lifestyles. 

Chinese People are more interested in the social approach as a result they use Elegant for Olfactory Description, Party/Dancing for Mental Images and White col-lar/Blue Collar for Lifestyles. 

Finally, US people are very concerned about family and cleanness. They use specifically Clean for Olfactory Description and Emotions, Clean/Disinfect for Mental Images and Housewife/Mother for Lifestyles. 

Odors are characterized by quaUty and intensity. Descriptive quaUties such as sour, sweet, pungent, fishy, and spicy are commonly used. Intensity is deterrnined by how much the concentration of the odoriferous substance exceeds its detection threshold (the concentration at which most people can detect an odor). Odor intensity is approximately proportional to the logarithm of the concentration. However, several factors affect the abiUty of an individual to detect an odor the sensitivity of a subject s olfactory system, the presence of other masking odors, and olfactory fatigue (ie, reduced olfactory sensitivity during continued exposure to the odorous substance). In addition, the average person s sensitivity to odor decreases with age. 

The distinctive odor of trichloroethylene may not necessarily provide adequate warning of exposure, because it quickly desensitizes olfactory responses. EataUties have occurred when unprotected workers have entered unventilated areas with high vapor concentrations of trichloroethylene or other chlorinated solvents. Eor a complete description of proper entry to vessels containing any chlorinated solvent, see ASTM D4276-84, Standard Practice for Confined Area Entry (34). 

Examine the head, upper and lower jaws and lips, snout, naris, diagrams and relevant descriptions correspond. Nasolabial sul-cus/cleft, nasal cavity and septum, oral cavity, palate, palatine ridges, incisors, cranium, pinna, eyelid, eye/lens, retina, cornea, vitreous and aqueous chambers, nasopharynx, olfactory lobe, cerebral hemispheres, lateral ventricles, cranial nerves, third ventricle, pituitary, pineal gland, thalamus, perimeningeal space, and internal ear. 

A comprehensive description of the distribution of [3H](R)oc-methylhistamine binding sites in the rat CNS has been given by Pollard et al. (Pollard etal., 1993). In brief, highest densities are observed in the cerebral cortex, the olfactory tubercles, the caudate putamen, the nucleus accumbens and the substantia nigra. Moderate densities are found in the hippocampus, the... 

The powerful analysis that is possible with the detailed description of the Drosophila olfactory system may well be hampered by a lack of knowledge in two areas of research that need more attention the chemistry and behavioral ecology of the adequate stimuli for this system. 

The mRNA coding for 5-HT6 receptor has been localized in the rat brain by Northern blot, PCR, and in situ hybridization (206,207,213,214) (see also Fig. 10) and the protein by immunohistochemistry (213). The first and more detailed description on the localization of mRNA coding for 5-HT6 receptor was published by Ward and co-workers (215), reporting that the main rat brain regions where this receptor is expressed is the pyramidal layer of the olfactory tubercle, islands of Calleja, nucleus accumbens, striatum, hippocampus, and piriform cortex. At moderate levels, it is expressed in other cortical areas, the olfactory bulb, some nuclei of the hypothalamus and amygdale, the habenula, and the cerebellum. No mRNA expression is found in the raphe nucleus. These results were confirmed later (204). 

We must admit that our repeated use of the expression "aesthetically pleasing" is something of a descriptive cop-out, for we do not know exactly what causes this synergism among olfactory materials. Nor is it easy to describe, but materials working together in a finely balanced accord seem to produce an olfactory resonance as harmonically satisfying to our sense of smell as the sound of a perfectly balanced orchestra is to our ears. 

Since the description in the vertebrate olfactory bulb (Rail et al., 1966), the occurrence of presynaptic dendrites has been reported in a variety of central nervous system (CNS) regions. The SN was one of the structures in which dendrodendritic contacts were first observed (Bjorklund and Lindvall, 1975), and demonstrated at the electron microscopic level (Hajdu et al, 1973 Wilson et al., 1977 Groves and Linder, 1983). DA was one the first neuroactive substances shown to be released from dendrites (Groves et al., 1975 Geffen et al., 1976), and, as reviewed by Cheramy et al., (1981), local dendritic release of DA in the SN was firmly established since the initial studies on this neurotransmitter. 

Refer to Shipley etal. (1995) for a general description of the olfactory system. We based our delineations in part on the work of de Olmos etal. (1978). 

If the odors of specific objects translate into unitary percepts, which constitute the basic entities in linguistic descriptions of olfaction, then the question follows as to whether these unitary percepts take shape at the level of the receptor neurons or in the olfactory bulb or elsewhere in the brain. That question remains unanswered, as of this writing. Because the sense of smell does not correlate perfectly with externally monitored patterns of electrical response from the receptor neurons or the olfactory bulb, the nature of olfactory coding remains unknown. Outside the laboratory unitary percepts rarely equate to pure compounds. Two vocabularies coexist, one of smells (which varies from individual to individual, and which refers to other inputs besides olfaction) and the other of chemical structures. 

It is well known that many people have some gaps in their olfactory capability, known as specific anosmias . Furthermore, the human nose tends to tire , or become desensitized, after a short period. Aromas detected initially begin to fade in one s consciousness after varying lengths of time, dependent upon the odours involved. It is not difficult, therefore, to imagine an instrument which is the perfect nose one that detects every odour, does not become desensitized and always give the same description to a specific odour. Unfortunately, it is not that simple ... 

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