Aerosol canister

Ipratropium Competitive, nonselective antagonist at M receptors Reduces or prevents bronchospasm Prevention and relief of acute episodes of bronchospasm Aerosol canister, up to qid Toxicity Xerostomia, cough Interactions With other antimuscarinics... 

Most of the contents are delivered in the proper dosage in a filled aerosol canister. It is important to recognize, however, that some nonsprayable formulation remains in each filled unit. Each filled canister will deliver at least the labeled number of doses, and the actual can contains an overage to ensure delivery of the labeled number of doses. As an example, Figure 2 shows the approximate doses found in a 20-g filled unit. 

When an aerosol canister containing an oil- or water-based formulation is sprayed in a room environmenf the size of the aerosol droplets containing pesticides decreases with time due to evaporation of the dominant solvent, such as oil or water. The diameter (aerosol droplets (Hinds, 1982), as follows ... 

InPest for space spraying has been developed to simulate pesticide behavior when an aerosol canister containing an oil- or water-based formulation is sprayed into the air of a room. Settlement of the sprayed droplets depends on aerosol size, which becomes smaller with time because of evaporation. The number of droplets decreases with time due to ventilation and adherence to the room materials. Any... 

Spray Do not shake oral aerosol canister before lingual spraying. 

If the inhaler is new or has not been used for some time it will need to be tested. To test Hold the inhaler away from body. Press the top of the aerosol canister once. A fine mist should be puffed into the air. The inhaler is now ready to use. 

Can the packaging (e.g., aerosol canister lining, soap wrapper) be affected by the nature of the fragrance ... 

Pyrotechnically generated smokes from grenades or powder clouds may not be acceptable from a safety point of view in certain circumstances for example, where fires may be produced, or in confined spaces with low rates of ventilation where asphyxial effects could develop. In order to reduce such potential hazards, a variety of approaches have been investigated. One of these is the use of highly volatile PCSI materials, which can be projected into enclosed spaces, but no material of sufficiently low toxicity has yet been found which is acceptable. An alternative approach is the use of a PCSI substance dissolved in a volatile solvent, and the mixture projected into the area by means of a pressurized aerosol canister or a frangible missile. This results in the development of an airborne vapor or aerosol of irritant (Ballantyne, 1979). 

Nedocromil sodium was developed by changing the furan ring of khellin to a piperidinone ring (Fig. 44.32). In vitro, nedocromil sodium inhibits the release of inflammatory response mediators from a variety of cells, including neutrophils, mast cells, macrophages, and platelets. Inhaled nedocromil sodium is poorly absorbed into the systemic circulation, with approximately 3% of an inhaled dose excreted in the urine during the first 6 hours after administration. Only 2% of orally dosed nedocromil sodium is bioavailable, 89% of which is protein bound. When administered IV, nedocromil sodium is not metabolized and is excreted unchanged in the bile and the urine. Nedocromil sodium is available in aerosol canisters for oral inhalation via a mouthpiece. 

Both aluminum and glass aerosol containers are available. Aluminum aerosol canisters are light, impervious to light, robust, and cheap to make. Glass containers are now very rare. Typically they are laminated or plastic-coated so they can withstand pressures of up to 150 psig. Occasionally the inert nature of glass containers makes them a more suitable choice for some solution formulations. 

The aerosol canister is completely enclosed within the body of the device. There is a latching lever at the top of the inhaler, which the patient lifts to prime the device prior to inhalation. 

Elevation of the priming lever compresses a spring above the base of the MDI. A mechanical obstruction prevents movement of the aerosol canister within the plastic moulding until the patient inhales. Inhalation rotates a small vane within the mouthpiece, removing the obstacle and allowing the aerosol canister to move down sufficiently to actuate the MDI. Unscrewing the removable sleeve can open the Autohaler. This allows the MDI to be removed and the mouthpiece adapter to be washed (68). 

The Synchroner is a standard metered-dose inhaler with a convenient integral open-tube spacer that adds little to the size of the MDI. When not in use, the spacer is folded against the main body of the canister holder and is held in place by the dust cap. When the inhaler is used, the dust cap is removed and the spacer with mouthpiece is moved until it is at right angles to the inhaler. The device provides a 10-cm gap between the aerosol canister and the patient s mouth, which slows the aerosol down after it comes out of the MDI. 

The Synchroner is also designed to help patients coordinate actuation of the aerosol canister and inspiration. If the inhalation and actuation are mistimed when using the Synchroner, the aerosol cloud escapes from the open tube. This may be seen by the patient and give instant feedback of their poor technique. If patients inhale correctly no cloud appears. 

OG is a yellowish to orange oily liquid that contains oil from cayenne pepper (oleoresin capsicum), dissolved in a propellant. It is usually dispersed by an aerosol canister or as a liquid delivered as a launched munitions or explosive device. Like tear gas, it is a skin irritant. This is nontoxic food product and not a lethal agent. It has a large safety margin. 

CN (chloroacetophenone) is used as a crowd control measure by paramilitary or police forces. It is supplied in small pressurised aerosol canisters and is known as mace or tear gas. It was investigated, but not used, during World Wars I and II, and was used in the Vietnam War. It is more toxic than CS gas, which has largely replaced it. 

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