Oil Receiver

The type of condenser described came into extensive use mainly because It could be constructed at a small cost, but it is soon destroyed by rust. Built of copper pipe lined with tin, it will last many years. 

A few oils, such as sassafras and wintergreen, are heavier than water and will separate in a layer on the bottom of the receiver. When distilling such oils, the gooseneck drainpipe is closed and a funnel of suitable size is set in the receiver with its stem extending into the water 

Several devices are used to prevent churning of the contents of the receiver by the flow from the condenser, which might cause some of the oil to be drawn off with the water. In the case of oils lighter than water one method is to direct the flow into a funnel-topped pipe that extends about half the distance to the bottom of the receiver, where it is fitted with a short elbow that directs the oil toward the surface. Another method is to admit the flow from the condenser into the receiver through a pipe at a point about two-thirds the way down, a baffle plate immediately below the inlet directing the separated drops of oil toward thc surface. 

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VOCs can be potentially recycled. Due to their chemical stability, non-flammability, and low latent heat of vaporisation, the method of choice for recovering VOCs from waste oils received during the cleaning operation is distilla-... 

Because of high reactor temperatures, the hydrocarbon volatiles vaporize immediately, and are vented from the reactor to a quench tower (Item 3), where they are sprayed with cooled, recycled, heavy oil, and the larger molecules (molecules containing eight carbon atoms (C8) or more) are condensed. The condensate leaves from the bottom of the quench tower and is collected in the heavy oil receiver (Item 4). Compounds that are not condensed (i.e., light oil, C3-C7) in the quench tower enter a non-contact condenser that uses cold water The light oils, C3 to C7, are condensed and collected in the light oil receiver (Item 6). 

Crude oil production from the wellhead will always have production water flowing with it. Most of this water is what we call free water. That is, it is not dissolved into the crude oil. Soluble water in crude oil has ranged as high as 1000 parts per million by volume (ppmv), and as low as 20 ppmv. No attempt to remove soluble water is ever made in field production facilities. Rather, substantial equipment and processes are dedicated to the removal of free water. This chapter shall therefore address only free water. Refiners request, and in many cases specify, a 1% free water crude content in all pipeline crude oil received. Thus, the crude oil field production facilities must meet this 1% water requirement in treated crude oil to pipeline sales. 

Combustion tests of the bio-oil produced at Metso Power s pilot plant were performed in Fortum s 1.5 MW district heating plant in Masala, Finland [18], In total, approximately 20 tons of bio-oil were combusted during 2010. Not only did the burner perform well, but the bio-oil receiving, storing, and pumping system was reliable despite the fairly low outdoor temperature (-20°C to +10°C) [18],... 

In Table 3 we present the data on influence of viscosity of CMC and OSR water solutions on oil-recovery coefficient for two types of oils. Received data testify that water solutions of OSR possess higher oil-sweeping properties in comparison with CMC solutions of the same viscosity. This fact is explained by higher surface activity of OSR solutions on the interface with oil [16],... 

This combined process could produce low-sulfur gasoline at half the current cost of desulfurization and won the Brian Davis Refining Technology award in 1999. The start-up of the first CD Hydro/CD HDS unit was at Irving Oil s St John, New Brunswick Refinery, Canada, in 1999 and produced less than 150 ppm In 2000, Irving Oil received a U.S. Environmental Award. In 2004, the CD Hydro/CD HDS process was used to process about 1.0 million barrels per day of gasoline for mercaptans and sulfur removal in refineries all over the world. 

Thus analyses are performed to determine whether each batch of crude oil received at the refinery is suitable for refining purposes. The tests are also applied to determine whether there has been any contamination during wellhead recovery, storage, or transportation that may increase the processing difficulty (cost). The information required is generally crude oil dependent or specific to a particular refinery and is also a function of refinery operations and desired product slate. 

Figure 6a. 3T3-L1 mouse fibroblasts are shown at fluorocarbon oil-water interfaces 16 h after inoculation. In this photograph, where the cells have not spread but have clustered together in spheroids, the oil received no additive. Continued on next page.

Products fried in the HOLLCan, MOSUN and HOSUN oils received the highest acceptance scores for French fries and chicken strips. Fish sticks were scored at lower level than other two products, the main negative characteristics described by panellists for this product were oily, off-flavour and stale. Due to the different coating used in this product, amount of absorbed oil was about two times higher than in other products. Generally, French fries and chicken sticks were rated at higher acceptance level than fish sticks. 

In the first year, 26 oils were submitted and 16 samples were awarded in January 2007 in Berlin during the Green Week. After the first call, on average between 30 and 40 oils are submitted for the Award each year and between 50% and 70% of the oils receive medals from the DGF Canola Oil Award. Most of the participants are from Germany but also producers from other countries take part at the DGF Canola Oil Award. 

TABLE 15.3 Methods of Transportation for Crude Oil Received at U.S. Refineries, 1989 ... 

Analyses are also performed to determine whether each batch of crude oil received at the refinery gate meets expectations. Does the crude receipt match the database assay so that the projected economic valuations and operational strategies are valid Has any unintentional contamination or purposeful adulteration occurred during gathering, storage, or transport of the crude oil that may increase the processing cost or decrease the value of the refined products The information needed to answer these questions is often refinery-specific—a function of the refinery s operating constraints and product slate. 

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