Of solid bodies

Stresses may also exist in the interior of solid bodies, and are considered in the theory of elasticity. 

Seeber, L.-A. (1824). Versuch einer Erklarung des inneren Baus der festen Korper [Attempt to an Explanation of the Inner Constitution of Solid Bodies]. Gilberts Annalen der Physik, 76(4), 349-372. 

Adsorption—The adhesion in an extremely thin layer of molecules (as of gases, solutes, or liquids) to the surfaces of solid bodies or liquids with which they are in contact. 

The FK model accounts for the effects that have been ignored in the Tomlinson model, resulting from the interactions of neighboring atoms. For a more realistic friction model of solid bodies in relative sliding, the particles in the harmonic chain have to be connected to a substrate. This motivates the idea of combining the two models into a new system, as schematically shown in Fig. 24, which is known as the Frenkel-Kontorova-Tomlinson model. Static and dynamic behavior of the combined system can be studied through a similar approach presented in this section. 

The second part of the book deals with the use of above method in physical and chemical studies. In addition to illustration load, this part of the book has a separate scientific value. The matter is that as examples the book provides a detailed description of the studies of sudi highly interesting processes as adsorption, catalysis, pyrolysis, photolysis, radiolysis, spill-over effect as well as gives an insight to such problems as behavior of free radicals at phase interface, interaction of electron-excited particles with the surface of solid body, effect of restructuring of the surface of adsorbent on development of different heterogeneous processes. 

From the theoretical standpoint the above issues are addressed by quantum chemistry. On the basis of calculations of various cluster models [191] the properties of surfaces of solid body are being studied as well as issues dealing with interaction of gas with the surface of adsorbent. However, fairly good results have been obtained in this area only to calculate adsorption on metals. The necessity to account for more complex structure of the adsorption value as well as availability of various functional groups on the surface of adsorbent in case of adsorption on semiconductors geometrically complicates such calculations. 

The comparison of experimental data on determination of concentrations of H- and O-atoms in the gas volume or on the surface using semiconductor ZnO films given in this Section with results of calculations based on the formulas derived in Chapter 2 we can conclude that even extremely small concentrations of active particles (10 to 10 m ) can be assessed quantitatively by sensors both in the gaseous phase and on the surface of solid bodies (see below). 

VEM excitation energy relaxati( i. Such ways (channels) be probably chemisorption with charge transfer, production of phonons, ejection of electrons from surface states and traps, and the like. The further studies in this field will, obviously, make it possible to give a more complete characteristic of the VEM interaction with the surface of solid bodies and the possibilities of VEM detecting with the aid of semiconductor sensors. 

Therefore, the capacity for expansion in a given gaz must come from the fourth-dimensional world. The same thing must happen in the case of the density of solid bodies, with the difference that they are... 

What introduced air into chemistry was some hard, unarguable evidence that air did indeed enter into the apparent composition of solid bodies/ The evidence could hardly have appeared under a more unlikely title than Vegetable Staticks, published by Stephen Hales (1677-1761) in 1727. The book was in most respects exactly what the title implied, an account of a number of ingenious experiments in the investigation of the flow of the juices within plants. But by far the largest chapter is devoted to Experiments, whereby to prove, that a considerable quantity of air is inspired by Plants. ... 

Much caloric is always absorbed and becomes latent by -the solution of solid bodies in various menstrua and the degree of cold which this occasions is often very great. For philosophical, and often for industrial purposes, the method followed to affect a reduction of the... 

Chapters 2 and 3 contain discussion on the theoretical foundations of hardness. The extensive classical theory of crystal strength has been omitted intentionally, since this subject is covered in most monographs within the scope of solid body physics and chemistry. Chapter 3 is based on the study of Povarennykh (1963), Hardness of Minerals, which most appropriately emphasizes the elements of the crystallomechanical theory of hardness that specifically find application in practice. 

Noyes Vaughan (Ref 5) investigated thermal, electronic and photochemical decompns of solid bodies, among them some expls. They found that in many cases where the rate of thermal decompn can be detd without ambiguity, the variation with temp is satisfactorily given by the Arrhenius equation K=Ae, where K is the specific reaction rate, A is a constant,... 

Regel VR, Sluzker AI, Tomashevsky EE (1974) Kinetic nature of the strength of solid bodies, Nauka, Moscow... 

Among places where condensates accreted into significant solid bodies, such as planets, habitable realms have always been rarer than places that were either too cold or too hot for life to exist. Much of our Solar System s mass is still far too hot for life. Most of the deep interiors of the gas giants and rocky planets are too hot, as is, of course, the Sun itself. Most of the surface area of solid bodies in the Solar System are too cold - the icy satellites of the outer planets and the myriad comets and Kuiper Belt Objects on the far outer fringes of the Solar System. In this sense, places like the surfaces of Earth and Mars and Europa s subsurface ocean are indeed very rare places. 

The temporal evolution of any system is described by kinetic equations. In the lattice-gas models the evolution of the gas-solid interface is made up of the evolution of occupancies of each of its sites, which can change at the expense of the surface reactions and migration of solid body atoms. The model allows to trace the evolution of all the sites of the system at times x, T>Tm, where tm is the minimum characteristic time interval relating to the most rapid elementary process of changing the occupancy state of the lattice sites. 

The kinetic equations for the volume gas phase are of the gas dynamic type [169,170]. When they are used, the equations of the surface processes considered above should be supplemented with those for the impulse and energy transfer. Earlier it has been implicitly assumed that the heat effects of the surface processes at all stages do not play any role, i.e., the resulting heat of reaction is instantly absorbed in the volume of the solid body (a reservoir of an unlimited capacity), and all the processes proceed at a constant temperature. In the general case it is not so, especially with the catalytic processes [171] and with small of solid body volumes. 

V. R. Regel, A. I. Slutsker, E. E. Tomachevski, Kinetical Nature of Solid Body Stability, Nauka, Moscow, 1974. 

Time-dependent Mechanical Properties of Solid Bodies... 

---